Transformative Learning in the Perspective of a Comprehensive Learning Theory

Abstract

This article outlines a contemporary and comprehensive theory of learning that has been developed to match the modern concept of competence and therefore includes not only cognitive learning but also emotional and social dimensions. In relation to this, different kinds of learning are discussed and a framework is suggested comprising four learning types, including, as the most complex, transformative learning. The article also identifies three main types of nonlearning defined as mislearning, learning defence, and learning resistance. Two kinds of learning defence are described as everyday consciousness and identity defence, respectively. Finally, the terms habits of expectations (Mezirow) and sets of assumptions (Brookfield) are taken up as the key expressions to understand nonlearning in transformative learning theory, and it is concluded that this theory could profit from dealing more specifically with the emotional and social dimensions of learning and nonlearning.