Litigation in the 1970s and early 1980s encouraged the provision of school services in excess of 180 days for certain students who demonstrated summer regression and poor recoupment. Criteria for these services have varied widely and have sometimes been difficult to surmise. The literature on extended school year is sparse, providing administrators with few empirical guidelines from which to develop policy on the eligibility and provision of such services. By contrast, the literature on maintenance provides useful strategies for extended school year assessment and planning. In this article we review existing extended school year literature, provide a case analysis, and make recommendations for developing explicit criteria for eligibility.
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2.
Armstrong v. Kline, 476 F. Supp. 583 (E.D. Pa. 1979). Aff'd CA78–0172 (3rd Cir., July 15, 1980).
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BartonL. E.JohnsonH. A.BrulleA. R. (1986). An evaluation of the effectiveness of an extended school year program. The Journal of The Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 11, 136–138.
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Battle v. Commonwealth, 79–2158, 79-2188-90, 79-2568-70 (3rd Cir., July 18, 1980).
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BrowderD.LentzF. E. (1985). Extended school year services: From litigation to assessment and evaluation. School Psychology Review, 14, 188–195.
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BrowderD.LentzF. E.KnosterT.WilanskyC. (1984). Predictors of eligibility for ESY. Final Report. U.S. Dept. of Education Grant G00830034, Project 023JH30007.
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DunlapG.JohnsonJ. (1985). Increasing the independent responding of autistic children with unpredictable supervision. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 18, 227–236.
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DunlapG.PlienisA. J. (1988). Generalization and maintenance of unsupervised responding via remote contingencies. In HornerR. H.DunlapG.KoegelR. L. (Eds.), Generalization and maintenance: Life-style changes in applied settings (pp. 121–142). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.
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EdgarE.SpenceW.KenowitzL. (1977). Extended school year for the handicapped: Is it working?Journal of Special Education, 11, 441–447.
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FowlerS. (1988). The effects of peer-mediated interventions on establishing, maintaining, and generalizing children's behavior changes. In HornerR. H.DunlapG.KoegelR. L. (Eds.), Maintenance and generalization: Life-style changes in applied settings (pp. 143–170). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.
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Georgia Association of Retarded Citizens v. McDaniel. C.V. A. No. c-78-1950A. N.D. Georgia, 1979.
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HornerR. H.DunlapG.KoegelR. L. (1988). Generalization and maintenance: Life-style changes in applied settings. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.
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HornerR. H.WilliamsJ. A.KnobbeC. A. (1987). The effect of “opportunity to perform” on the maintenance of skills learned by high school students with severe handicaps. In AlbinR. W.HornerR. H.KoegelR. L.DunlapG. (Eds.), Extending competent performance: Applied research on generalization and maintenance (pp. 237–244). Eugene, OR: Extending Competent Performance Research Institute.
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House Education Committee (1987). Report of the Education Committee of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives pursuant to H.R. 58 Special Education. December 15, 1987.
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LarsenL.GoodmanL.GleanR. (1981). Issues in the implementation of extended school year programs for handicapped students. Exceptional Children, 47, 256–263.
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LeonardJ. (1981). 180 day barrier: Issues and concerns. Exceptional Children, 47, 246–253.
19.
Mahoney v. Administrative School District No. 1, 601 P.2d. (or Ct. Appt. 1979).
20.
MakuchG. J. (1981, January 10). Correspondence to intermediate unit executive directors on the subject of “Planning for extended school year programming during the summer of 1981.” File No. SE-1-81.
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MankD. M.HornerR. H. (1987). Self-recruited feedback: A cost effective procedure for maintaining behavior. In AlbinR. W.HornerR. H.DunlapG.KoegelR. L. (Eds.), Extending competent performance: Applied research on generalization and maintenance (pp. 253–272). Eugene, OR: Extending Competent Performance Research Institute.
22.
McMahonJ. (1983). Extended school year programs. Exceptional Children, 49, 457–461.
23.
NSBA opposes year-round handicapped programs. (1980). Education of the Handicapped, 6, 3–4.
24.
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26.
ScanlonR. G. (1979, September 24). Correspondence to intermediate unit executive directors on the subject of “Programs in excess of 180 days for handicapped students-Armstrong v. Kline court guidelines.” File No. SE-6-79.
27.
Scanlon v. Battle. 66 L. Ed. 2nd, 837, 1981.
28.
SchreibmanL. (1988). Parent training as a means of facilitating generalization in autistic children. In HornerR. H.DunlapG.KoegelR. L. (Eds.), Generalization and maintenance: Life-style changes for applied settings, (pp. 21–40). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.
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SnellM. E.GriggN. C. (1987). Instructional assessment. In SnellM. E. (Ed.), Systematic instruction of people with severe handicaps (pp. 64–109). Columbus, OH: Charles E. Merrill.
30.
StainbackW. C.StainbackS. B.HatcherC. W. (1983). Developing policies for extended year programs. The Journal of The Association for the Severely Handicapped, 8(3), 5–9.
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StokesT. F.BaerD. M. (1977). An implicit technology of generalization. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 7, 599–610.
32.
StotlandJ. F.MancusoE. (1982, December 9). Continued problems with extended school year programming in Pennsylvania. Philadelphia: Education Law Center, Inc.
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TilleyB. K.CoxL. S.StayrookN. (1986). An extended school year validation study. Report No. 86-2. Seattle, WA: Seattle Public Schools.
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