Discrimination and Type 2 Diabetes-Related Health Outcomes among Hispanic Adults in the United States: An Integrative Literature Review

Agarwal S. Schechter C. Southern W. Crandall J. P. Tomer Y. (2020). Preadmission diabetes-specific risk factors for mortality in hospitalized patients with diabetes and coronavirus disease 2019. Diabetes Care, 43(10), 2339–2344. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-1543

Aguayo-Mazzucato C. Diaque P. Hernandez S. Rosas S. Kostic A. Caballero A. E. (2019). Understanding the growing epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the hispanic population living in the United States. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 35(2), e3097. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3097

American Diabetes Association (2017). ADA evidence-grading system for standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care, 40, S1–S2. https://doi:10.2337/dc17-s001

Amirehsani K. A. Hu J. Wallace D. C. Silva Z. A. Dick S. West-Livingston L. N. Hussami C. R. (2017). US Healthcare experiences of Hispanic patients with diabetes and family members: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 34(3), 126–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370016.2017.1340556

Andrade N. Ford A. D. Alvarez C. (2021). Discrimination and Latino health: A systematic review of risk and resilience. Hispanic Health Care International, 19(1), 5–16. https://doi:10.1177/1540415320921489

Artiga S. Hinton E. (2018). Beyond health care: The role of social determinants in promoting health and health equity. Kaiser Family Foundation. May 2018. Issue Brief..

Beard H. A. AlGhatrif M. Samper-Ternent R. Gerst K. Markides K. S. (2009). Trends in diabetes prevalence and diabetes-related complications in older Mexican Americans from 1993-1994 to 2004-2005. Diabetes Care, 32(12), 2212–2217. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-0938

Beatty Moody D. L. Chang Y. Brown C. Bromberger J. T. & Matthews K. A. (2018). Everyday discrimination and metabolic syndrome incidence in a racially/ethnically diverse sample: study of women's health across the nation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 80(1), 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000516

Benjamins M. R. (2012). Race/ethnic discrimination and preventive service utilization in a sample of Whites, Blacks, Mexicans, and Puerto Ricans. Medical Care, 50(10), 870–876. https://doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e31825a8c63

Blendon R. J. Benson J. M. Gorski M. T. Weldon K. J. Perez D. J. Mann F. Miller C. E. Ben-Porath E. N. (2015). The perspectives of six Latino heritage groups about their health care. Journal of Immigrant Minority Health, 17(5), 1347–1354. https://doi.org/0.1007/s10903-014-0078-8

Breslau J. Kendler K. S. Su M. Gaxiola-Aguilar S. Kessler R. C. (2005). Lifetime risk and persistence of psychiatric disorders across ethnic groups in the United States. Psychological Medicine, 35(3), 317–327. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704003514

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2020). National Diabetes Statistics Report. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/statistics/national-diabetes-statistics-report.Pdf.

Fox R. S. Carnethon M. R. Gallo L. C. Wiley J. F. Isasi C. R. Daviglus M. L. Cai J. Davis S. M. Giachello A. Gonzalesz P. McCurley J. L. Schneiderman N. Penedo F. J. (2019). Perceived discrimination and cardiometabolic risk among US Hispanics/Latinos in the HCHS/SOL sociocultural ancillary study. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 26(4), 331–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-019-09782-7

Gebregziabher M. Ward R. C. Tabera D. J. Walker R. J. Mukoso O. Dismukea C. E. Axona R. N. Egedec L. E. (2018). Ethnic and geographic variations in multimorbidty: evidence from three large cohorts. Social Science & Medicine, 211, 198–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.06.020

Kamody R. C. Grilo C. M. Vasquez E. Udo T. (2021). Diabetes prevalence among diverse Hispanic populations: Considering nativity, ethnic discrimination, acculturation, and BMI. Eating and Weight Disorders, 26(8), 2673–2682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-021-01138-z

Krieger N. Smith K. Naishadham D. Hartman C. Barbeau E. M. (2005). Experiences of discrimination: validity and reliability of a self-report measure for population health research on racism and health. Social Science and Medicine, 61(7), 1576–1596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.03.006

Lebron A. M. W. Spencer M. Kieffer E. Sinco B. Palmisano G. (2018). Racial/ethnic discrimination and diabetes-related outcomes among Latinos with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 21(1), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-018-0710-0

Lebron A. M. W. Valerio M. A. Kieffer E. Sinco B. Rosland A. Hawkins J. Espitia N. Palmisano G. Spencer M. (2014). Everyday discrimination, diabetes-related distress, and depressive symptoms among african Americans and Latinos with diabetes. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 16(6), 1208–1216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-013-9843-3

MacGregor C. Freedman A. Keenan-Devlin L. Grobman W. Wadhwa P. Simhan H. N. Buss C. Borders A. (2020). Maternal perceived discrimination and association with gestational diabetes. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2(4), 100222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100222

March D. Williams J. Wells S. Eimicke J. P. Teresi J. A. Almonte C. Link B. G. Findley S. E. Palmas W. Carrasquillo O. Luchsinger J. A. (2015). Discrimination and depression among urban Hispanics with poorly controlled diabetes. Ethnicity & Disease, 25(2), 130–137.

McCurley J. L. Gutierrez A. Bravin J. L. Schneiderman N. Reina S. A. Khambaty T. Castaneda S. F. Smoller S. Daviglus M. L. O’Brien M. J. Carnethon M. R. Isasi C. R. Perreira K. M. Talavera G. A. Yang M. Gallo L. C. (2019). Association of social adversity with comorbid diabetes and depression symptoms in the Hispanic community health study/study of Latinos sociocultural ancillary study: A syndemic framework. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 53(11), 975–987. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaz009

Mccurley J. L. Gutierrez A. Bravin J. L. Schneiderman N. Reina S. A. Khambaty T. Castaneda S. F. Smoller S. Daviglus M. L. O’brien M. J. Carnethon M. R. Isasi C. R. Perreira K. M. Talavera G. A. Yang M. Gallo L. C. (2019). Association of social adversity with comorbid diabetes and depression symptoms in the Hispanic community health study/study of Latinos sociocultural ancillary study: A syndemic framework. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 53(11), 975–987. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaz009

Newman B. J. Shah S. Collingwood L. (2018). Race, place, and building a base: Latino population growth and the nascent trump campaign for president. Public Opinion Quarterly, 82(1), 122–134. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfx039

Nguyen T. T. Vable A. M. Glymour M. M. Nuru-Jeter A. (2018). Trends for reported discrimination in health care in a national sample of older adults with chronic conditions. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 33(3), 291–297. https://https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-017-4209-5

Nkwata A. K. Song X. Zhang M. Ezeamama A. E. (2020). Change in quality of life over eight years in a nationally representative sample of US adults with heart disease and type 2 diabetes: minority race and toxic stress as key social determinants. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 684. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08842-y

Nong P. Raj M. Creary M. Kardia S. L. R. Platt J. E. (2020). Patient-reported experiences of discrimination in the US health care system. JAMA Network Open, 3(12). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.29650

Paradies Y Ben J Denson N Elias A Priest N Pieterse A Gupta A Kelaher M Gee G (2015). Racism as a determinant of health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 10(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138511

Piette J. D. Bibbins-Domingo K. Schillinger D. (2006). Health care discrimination, processes of care, and diabetes patients’ health status. Patient Education and Counseling, 60(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2004.12.001

Rees C. A. Karter A. J. Young B. A. Spigner C. Grembowski D. Schillinger D. Adler N. E. (2011). Correlates of patient-reported racial/ethnic health care discrimination in the diabetes study of northern California (DISTANCE). Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 22(1), 211–225. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2011.0033

Ryan A. M. Gee G. C. Griffith D. (2008). The effects of perceived discrimination on diabetes management. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 19(1), 149–163. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2008.0005

Smedley, B.D. Stith, A.Y., & Nelson, A.R (2003). Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. National Academies Press.

Wagner J. Armeli S. Tennen H. Bermudez-Millan A. Pérez-Escamilla R. (2018). Effects of stress management and relaxation training on the relationship between diabetes symptoms and affect among Latinos. Psychology & Health, 33(9), 1172–1190. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2018.1478975

Ward J. B. Feinstein L. Vines A. I. Robinson W. R. Haan M. N. Aiello A. E. (2019). Perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms among US Latinos: The modifying role of educational attainment. Ethnicity & Health, 24(3), 271–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2017.1315378

Whitaker K. M. Everson-Rose S. A. Pankow J. S. Rodriguez C. J. Lewis T. T. Kershaw K. N. Diez Roux A. V. Lutsey P. L. (2017). Experiences of discrimination and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). American Journal of Epidemiology, 186(4), 445–455. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx047

Williams D. R. Yan Y. Jackson J. S. Anderson N. B. (1997). Racial differences in physical and mental health: socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology, 2(3), 335–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910539700200305