This research explores how public management analytical perspectives—institutional capacity, crisis leadership and cross-sector collaboration–influence the effectiveness of global governance systems in responding to transnational crises. Through comparative analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2008 financial crisis and the Russia–Ukraine conflict, the research develops an integrated, comprehensive framework (ICC) to explore the dynamic interplay of these dimensions. The findings suggest that institutional capacity forms the structural foundation for crisis response but is constrained by inadequate resources and implementation gaps. Crisis leadership is critical for rapid decision-making and stakeholder coordination but is contingent on institutional frameworks and political responsiveness. Cross-sector collaboration can enhance resilience but faces challenges of fragmented governance structures and conflicting interests.
Ab RahmanS. N.AhmadN. S. (2024). Integrating knowledge management and communication strategies to enhance crisis resilience: A PRISMA-based systematic review. International Journal of Law, Government and Communication, 9, 443–460. https://doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc.937034
2.
AbdulyakeenA.MumuniN. A. (2024). Russia-Ukraine war and the imperatives of a new global order. Journal of Contemporary International Relations and Diplomacy, 5(1), 121–140. https://doi.org/10.53982/jcird.2024.0501.08-j
3.
AdamczykS. (2019). Twenty years of protection of civilians at the UN Security Council. Policy Brief, 74, 1–13.
4.
AhnM. J.EttnerL. W.LoupinA. (2011). From classical to contemporary leadership challenges. Journal of Leadership Studies, 5(1), 6–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.20201
5.
AliyevH. (2023). The role of the belt and road initiative in China’s global strategy. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. International Relation, 57, 78–81. 10.17721/1728-2292.2023/1-57/78-81
6.
AllahRakhaN. (2024). Rethinking digital borders to address jurisdiction and governance in the global digital economy. International Journal of Law and Policy, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.59022/ijlp.124
7.
Amadio ViceréM. G. (2021). Externalizing EU crisis management: EU orchestration of the OSCE during the Ukrainian conflict. Contemporary Security Policy, 42(4), 498–529. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2021.1985287
8.
AndonovaL. B. (2017). Governance entrepreneurs: International organizations and the rise of global public-private partnerships. Cambridge University Press.
9.
AnsellC.GashA. (2008). Collaborative governance in theory and practice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18(4), 543–571. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mum032
10.
AnsellC.KellerA.BoinA. (2009). Managing transboundary crises: Requirements for a dynamic response. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 17(4), 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12874
11.
AnsellC.SørensenE.TorfingJ. (2023). Public administration and politics meet turbulence: The search for robust governance responses. Public Administration, 101(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12874
12.
AnttiroikoA. V. (2021). Successful government responses to the pandemic: Contextualizing national and urban responses to the COVID-19 outbreak in east and west. International Journal of E-Planning Research, 10(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJEPR.20210401.oa1
13.
AokiN.ElliottI. C.SimonJ.StazykE. C. (2022). Putting the international in Public Administration: An International Quarterly. A historical review of 1992–2022. Public Administration, 100(1), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12822
14.
ArslanA.GolgeciI.KhanZ.Al-TabbaaO.Hurmelinna-LaukkanenP. (2021). Adaptive learning in cross-sector collaboration during global emergency: Conceptual insights in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. Multinational Business Review, 29(1), 21–42. https://doi.org/10.1108/MBR-07-2020-0153
15.
AssefaY.WoldeyohannesS.CullertonK.GilksC. F.ReidS.Van DammeW. (2022). Attributes of national governance for an effective response to public health emergencies: Lessons from the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Global Health, 12, Article 05021. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.12.05021
16.
AvoyanE. (2021). Inside the black box of collaboration: A process-tracing study of collaborative flood risk governance in the Netherlands. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, 23(3), 321–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2021.2000380
17.
BäckstrandK. (2008). Accountability of networked climate governance: The rise of transnational climate partnerships. Global Environmental Politics, 8(3), 74–102. https://doi.org/10.1162/glep.2008.8.3.74
18.
BaeJ.GandhiD.KothariJ.ShankarS.BaeJ.PatwaP.SukumaranR.ChhariaA.AdhikesavenS.RathodS.NandutuI.SethuramanT.V.YuV.MisraK.MuraliS.SaxenaA.JakimowiczK.SharmaV.IyerR.. . . RaskarR. (2020). Challenges of equitable vaccine distribution in the covid-19 pandemic. arXiv preprint arXiv:2012.12263. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2012.12263
BoinA.‘t HartP. (2003). Public leadership in times of crisis: Mission impossible?Public Administration Review, 63(5), 544–553. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6210.00318
BorzenkoO.PanfilovaT. (2023). Escalating crisis in the governance of the global trading system. Bulletin of the Karaganda university Economy series, 112(4), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.31489/2023ec4/75-83
25.
BowenT.Del NinnoC.AndrewsC.Coll-BlackS.JohnsonK.KawasoeY.KryeziuA.MaherB.WilliamsA. (2020). Adaptive social protection: Building resilience to shocks. World Bank Publications.
26.
BownC. P. (2023). The WTO and vaccine supply chain resilience during a pandemic. Journal of International Economic Law, 26(2), 343–362. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgad007
27.
BrysonJ. M.CrosbyB. C.StoneM. M. (2015). Designing and implementing cross-sector collaborations: Needed and challenging. Public Administration Review, 75(5), 647–663. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12432
CheemaF. (2004). Macroeconomic stability of Pakistan: The role of the IMF and World Bank (1997-2003) (ACDIS Occasional Paper). ACDIS.
30.
ChoS. (2012). Gazing into world society: A system-based approach to global governance (SSRN 4611935). SSRN.
31.
ChoS.KellyC. R. (2011). Promises and perils of new global governance: A case of the G20. Chicago Journal of International Law, 12, 491.
32.
ChoiS. Y. (2023). The dynamic network of industries in US stock market: Evidence of GFC, COVID-19 pandemic and Russia-Ukraine war. Heliyon, 9(9), e19726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19726
33.
ChoucriN.MadnickS.FerwerdaJ. (2014). Institutions for cyber security: International responses and global imperatives. Information Technology for Development, 20(2), 96–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2013.836699
34.
ChristensenT.LægreidP.RykkjaL. H. (2016). Organizing for crisis management: Building governance capacity and legitimacy. Public Administration Review, 76(6), 887–897. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12558
35.
ÇiçekA. E. (2020). International and national security, relative power positions and global governance: Responses to the novel coronavirus pandemic. Ulakbilge Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(52), 971–982.
36.
CleggL. (2013). Controlling the World Bank and IMF. Palgrave Macmillan.
37.
CliftB. (2024). IMF fiscal policy (p. 320). Oxford Handbook of the International Monetary Fund.
38.
CuscunàG. (2023). Humanitarian corridors. A comparative analysis of their use and misuse in Syria and Ukraine. Polyarchies, 6(2), 282–315. https://doi.org/10.13137/2611-2914/35633
de Bengy PuyvalléeA.StorengK. T. (2022). COVAX, vaccine donations and the politics of global vaccine inequity. Global Health, 18, Article 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-022-00801-z
41.
De SistoM.ShearingC.HeffernanT.SandersonD. (2024). Reshaping disaster management: An integrated community-led approach. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 83(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12668
42.
DingwerthK.PattbergP. (2009). Actors, arenas, and issues in global governance. In WhitmanJ. (Ed.), Palgrave advances in global governance (pp. 41–65). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
43.
EberleinB. (2019). Who fills the global governance gap? Rethinking the roles of business and government in global governance. Organization Studies, 40(8), 1125–1145. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840619847720
44.
Eccleston-TurnerM.UptonH. (2021). International collaboration to ensure equitable access to vaccines for COVID-19: The ACT-accelerator and the COVAX facility. The Milbank Quarterly, 99(2), 426–449. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12505
45.
FederoR.BustamanteX. (2022). The ties that bind global governance: Using media-reported events to disentangle the global interorganizational network in a global pandemic. Social Networks, 70, 253–266.
FredericksonG. (1996). Comparing the reinventing government movement with the new public administration. Public Administration Review, 56(3), 263–270. https://doi.org/10.2307/976450
GiddensA. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. University of California Press.
50.
GostinL. O.MoonS.MeierB. M. (2020). Reimagining global health governance in the age of COVID-19. American Journal of Public Health, 110(11), 1615–1619. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305933
51.
GüvenA. B. (2017). Defending supremacy: How the IMF and the World Bank navigate the challenge of rising powers. International Affairs, 93(5), 1149–1166. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iix167
52.
HaniehA. (2015). Shifting priorities or business as usual? Continuity and change in the post-2011 IMF and World Bank engagement with Tunisia, Morocco and Egypt. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 42(1), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2015.973199
53.
HansjörgH. E. R. R. (2016). After the financial crisis: Reforms and reform options for finance, regulation and institutional structure. Journal of Economics Bibliography, 3(2), 172–202.
54.
HelleinerE. (2011). Understanding the 2007–2008 global financial crisis: Lessons for scholars of international political economy. Annual Review of Political Science, 14(1), 67–87. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050409-112539
HerrH. (2016). After the financial crisis: Reforms and reform options for finance, regulation and institutional structure (Working Paper No. 63/2016). Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Recht Berlin, Institute for International Political Economy (IPE), Berlin.
57.
HiggottR. A.UnderhillG. R.BielerA. (2000). Globalisation and non-state actors. Non-state Actors and Authority in the Global System, Routledge.
58.
HilmarssonH. Þ. (2011). The World Bank and the IMF in a changed world. In Management theory and practice synergy in organizations (pp. 53–76).
59.
HoffmanS. J. (2010). The evolution, etiology and eventualities of the global health security regime. Health Policy and Planning, 25(6), 510–522. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czq037
IvanovI. D. (2011). Transforming NATO: New allies, missions, and capabilities. Lexington Books.
63.
JamesE. H.WootenL. P.DushekK. (2011). Crisis management: Informing a new leadership research agenda. Academy of Management Annals, 5(1), 455–493. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2011.589594
64.
JamesH. (2024). The IMF and the European debt crisis. International Monetary Fund.
65.
JiaK.ChenS. (2022). Global digital governance: Paradigm shift and an analytical framework. Global Public Policy and Governance, 2(3), 283–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43508-022-00047-w
66.
JonesP. W. (2007). World Bank financing of education: Lending, learning and development. Routledge.
67.
JreisatJ. (2004). Governance in a globalizing world. International Journal of Public Administration, 27(13–14), 1003–1029. https://doi.org/10.1081/PAD-200039883
68.
KapurD.LewisJ. P.WebbR. C. (2011). The World Bank: Its first half century (Vol. 1). Brookings Institution Press.
69.
KaramtiC.JeribiA. (2023). Stock markets from COVID-19 to the Russia–Ukraine crisis: Structural breaks in interactive effects panels. The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, 28, e00340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeca.2023.e00340
70.
KauffmanC. M. (2016). Grassroots global governance: Local watershed management experiments and the evolution of sustainable development. Oxford University Press.
71.
KellyR. E. (2007). From international relations to global governance theory: Conceptualizing NGOs after the Rio breakthrough of 1992. Journal of Civil Society, 3(1), 81–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/17448680701390786
72.
KentikelenisA.StubbsT. (2023). A thousand cuts: Social protection in the age of austerity. Oxford University Press.
KettlD. F. (2015). The transformation of governance: Public administration for the twenty-first century. Jhu Press.
75.
KhanH. (2013a). Deep financial crises, reforming the IMF, and building regional autonomy: Towards a new hybrid global financial architecture. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/49514
76.
KhanH. (2013b). Global financial governance: Towards a new global financial architecture for averting deep financial crises (MPRA Paper 49275). University Library of Munich, Germany. https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/49275.html
KolibaC. J.MeekJ. W.ZiaA.MillsR. W. (2017). Governance networks in public administration and public policy. Routledge.
79.
KreienkampJ.PegramT. (2020). Governing complexity: Design principles for the governance of complex global catastrophic risks. International Studies Review, 23(3), 779–806. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viaa074
80.
KruglashovA. (2023). The reaction of international organizations to global security challenges. In Global public goods and sustainable development in the practice of international organizations (pp. 59–84). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004687264_005
81.
KunicovaJ. (2020). Driving the COVID-19 response from the center (No. 34786). The World Bank Group.
82.
LabontéR. (2014). Health in all (foreign) policy: Challenges in achieving coherence. Health Promotion International, 29(suppl_1), i48–i58. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dau031
83.
LaevenM. L.IganM. D.ClaessensM. S.Dell’AricciaM. G. (2010). Lessons and policy implications from the global financial crisis. International Monetary Fund.
84.
LanX.YuH. Z. (2017). Towards a public management paradigm for global governance: An analysis based on an issue-actor-mechanism framework. Social Sciences in China, 38(1), 26–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/02529203.2017.1268362
LatonenS. H.SuominenR. M.JuppoA. M.AiraksinenM.SeeckH. (2023). Organisation of cross-sector collaboration and its influence on crisis management effectiveness among pharmaceutical supply chain stakeholders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health, 222, 196–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2023.06.042
87.
LazarusJ. V.Pujol-MartinezC.KopkaC. J.BatistaC.El-SadrW. M.SaenzR.El-MohandesA. (2023). Implications from COVID-19 for future pandemic global health governance. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 30(5), 576–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2023.03.027
88.
Lee-GeillerS.LeeT. (2022). How does digital governance contribute to effective crisis management? A case study of Korea’s response to COVID-19. Public Performance & Management Review, 45(4), 860–893. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2022.2054434
89.
LinJ. (2021). Toward a global solution for emergency dollar liquidity provision: The role of the us federal reserve, central bank coordination, and the IMF. UC Davis Business Law Journal, 22, 245.
90.
LipscyP. Y.LeeH. N. K. (2019). The IMF as a biased global insurance mechanism: Asymmetrical moral hazard, reserve accumulation, and financial crises. International Organization, 73(1), 35–64. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818318000371
91.
LiuY.LeeJ. M.LeeC. (2020). The challenges and opportunities of a global health crisis: The management and business implications of COVID-19 from an Asian perspective. Asian Business & Management, 19(3), 277. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-020-00119-x
92.
LopezB. S.AlcaideA. V. (2020). Blockchain, AI and IoT to improve governance, financial management and control of crisis: Case study COVID-19. SocioEconomic Challenges, 4(2), 78–89. https://doi.org/10.21272/sec.4(2).78-89.2020
93.
LuckhurstJ. (2019). The G20 hub of decentralizing global governance authority. International Organisations Research Journal, 14(2), 7–30. https://doi.org/10.17323/1996-78452019-02-01
94.
MahatA.CitrinD.BistaH. (2018). NGOs, partnerships, and public-private discontent in Nepal’s health care sector. Medicine Anthropology Theory, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.17157/mat.5.2.529
MallardG.SunJ. (2022). Viral governance: How unilateral US sanctions changed the rules of financial capitalism. American Journal of Sociology, 128(1), 144–188. https://doi.org/10.1086/719925
97.
MaoY. (2020). Combating COVID-19 through collaborative governance: Lessons from East Asia. Chinese Public Administration Review, 11(2), 132–141. https://doi.org/10.22140/cpar.v11i2.255
98.
McLeanH.EwartJ. (2020). Political leadership in disaster and crisis communication and management: International perspectives and practices. Palgrave Macmillan.
99.
MikhaylovS. J.EsteveM.CampionA. (2018). Artificial intelligence for the public sector: Opportunities and challenges of cross-sector collaboration. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 376(2128), Article 20170357. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0357
100.
MölderH. (2006). NATO’s Role in the post-modern European security environment, cooperative security and the experience of the Baltic sea region. Baltic Security & Defence Review, 8, 7–23.
101.
MooreR. R.ColettaD. V. (2017). NATO’s return to Europe: Engaging Ukraine, Russia, and beyond. Georgetown University Press.
102.
MüllerG.RuelensM.WoutersJ. (2021). The role of the world health organization in the Covid-19 pandemic (p. 37). Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies.
103.
MüllerJ. (Ed.). (2006). Reforming the United Nations. Brill Nijhoff.
104.
MundyK.VergerA. (2016). The World Bank and the global governance of education in a changing world order. In MundyK.GreenA.LingardB.VergerA. (Eds.), The handbook of global education policy (pp. 335–356). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118468005.ch18
105.
MushkatM.MushkatR. (2020). The challenge of COVID-19 and the world health organization’s response: The principal-agent model revisited. American University International Law Review, 36, 487.
106.
Nik HasanN. N.HamzahA. (2021). Global partnership under a new normal: Challenges and response to COVID-19. In Leal FilhoW.AzulA. M.BrandliL.Lange SalviaA.WallT. (Eds.), Partnerships for the goals (pp. 511–522). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71067-9_135-1
107.
O’BrienR. (2006). Global civil society and global governance. In Contending perspectives on global governance (pp. 213–230). Routledge.
108.
O’LearyR.BinghamL. B. (Eds.). (2009). The collaborative public manager: New ideas for the twenty-first century. Georgetown University Press.
109.
O’NeillK. (2007, May). From Stockholm to Johannesburg and beyond: The evolving meta-regime for global environmental governance [Conference session]. Amsterdam Conference on the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change (pp. 24–26), Amsterdam, Netherlands.
110.
OhS. (2020). From a “super spreader of MERS” to a “super stopper” of COVID-19: Explaining the evolution of Korea’s crisis management system. Journal of Asian Public Policy, 13(3), 245–263. http://doi.org/10.1080/17516234.2020.1863540
111.
Pahl-WostlC. (2009). A conceptual framework for analysing adaptive capacity and multi-level learning processes in resource governance regimes. Global Environmental Change, 19(3), 354–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.06.001
112.
PattbergP.KaiserC.WiderbergO.StrippleJ. (2022). 20 years of global climate change governance research: Taking stock and moving forward. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 22(2), 295–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-022-09568-5
113.
PeckJ. (2011). Global policy models, globalizing poverty management: International convergence or fast-policy integration?Geography Compass, 5(4), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2011.00417.x
114.
PereiraJ. A. M.GasparF. (2022, November). Impact of pandemics and war in EU’s cohesion policy: Problematics and challenges [Conference session]. Third Joint EU Cohesion Policy Conference, Zagreb, Croatia.
115.
PerotE. (2019). The art of commitments: NATO, the EU, and the interplay between law and politics within Europe’s collective defence architecture. European Security, 28(1), 40–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2019.1587746
116.
PilemalmS.LindgrenI.RamsellE. (2016). Emerging forms of inter-organizational and cross-sector collaborations in e-government initiatives: Implications for participative development of information systems. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 10(4), 605–636. https://doi.org/10.1108/TG-12-2015-0055
117.
RaadscheldersJ.Vigoda-GadotE. (2015). Global dimensions of public administration and governance: A comparative voyage. John Wiley & Sons.
RiterJ. J. (2018). An exploration of the extractive industries transparency initiative as a model for incorporating collaborative accountability into collective global governance. University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law, 40, 839.
120.
RoeM. (2009). Multi-level and polycentric governance: Effective policymaking for shipping. Maritime Policy & Management, 36(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088830802652296
121.
RossouwS.GreylingT. (2024). Policy responses to COVID-19. In Resistance to COVID-19 vaccination: Drivers, impact on human wellbeing, and policy implications (pp. 197–207). Springer International Publishing.
122.
RuggieJ. G. (2014). Global governance and “new governance theory”: Lessons from business and human rights. Global Governance, 20, 5.
123.
SantosN. (2021). Multi-level governance tackling the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Revista de Administración Pública, 55(1), 89–107. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220200494
124.
ScottW. (1998). Organizations: Rational, natural and open systems. Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers Canadiens de Sociologie, 29, 363–402. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393090
125.
ScheinertS. R. (2012). International emergency response: Forming effective post-extreme event stabilization and reconstruction missions. Journal of Strategic Security, 5(4), 1–18.
126.
ShafferG. (2021). Governing the interface of US-China trade relations. American Journal of International Law, 115(4), 622–670. https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2021.36
127.
SindzingreA. (2004). The evolution of the concept of poverty in multilateral financial institutions. The case of the World Bank. In BøåsM.McNeillD. (Eds.), Global Institutions and Development: Framing the world (pp. 164–177). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203496336-18
128.
SommererT.AgnéH.ZelliF.BesB. (2022). Global legitimacy crises: Decline and revival in multilateral governance (p. 240). Oxford University Press.
129.
SonessonT. R.JohanssonJ.CedergrenA. (2021). Governance and interdependencies of critical infrastructures: Exploring mechanisms for cross-sector resilience. Safety Science, 142, Article 105383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105383
130.
StadtlerL.KarakulakÖ. (2020). Broker organizations to facilitate cross-sector collaboration: At the crossroad of strengthening and weakening effects. Public Administration Review, 80(3), 360–380. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13174
131.
SteinbockD. (2018). US-China trade war and its global impacts. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 4(4), 515–542. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2377740018500318
TampubolonM. (2022). Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and its impact on global geopolitics. European Scientific Journal, 18(20), 48. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n20p48
134.
TerryL. D. (2003). Leadership of public bureaucracies: The administrator as conservator (2nd ed.). M.E. Sharpe.
135.
TrascianiG.PetrellaF.Richez-BattestiN. (2024). Navigating cross-sector partnerships: Innovative strategies and challenges for work integration social enterprises in France. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 16(3), 1655–1676. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2024.2325706
136.
TrebeschC.AntezzaA.BushnellK.FrankA.FrankP.FranzL.KharitonovI.KumarB.RebinskayaE.SchrammS. (2023). The Ukraine support tracker: Which countries help Ukraine and how? (KIEL Working Paper No. 2218). KIEL.
137.
TrumanE. (2023). Global financial governance: Towards a new global financial architecture for averting deep financial crises (MPRA Paper 49275). University Library of Munich.
138.
United Nations, Division for Public Economics, and Public Administration. (2002). Improving resource mobilization in developing countries and transition economies. United Nations Publications.
139.
VenerusoA. (2024). The partition of gender during the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia
140.
Von der SchulenburgM. (2017). On building peace: Rescuing the nation-state and saving the United Nations. Amsterdam University Press.
141.
WahiN. (2005). Human rights accountability of the IMF and the World Bank: A critique of existing mechanisms and articulation of a theory of horizontal accountability. UC Davis Journal of International Law and Policy, 12, 331.
142.
WangH.QiH.RanB. (2021). Public-private collaboration led by private organizations in combating crises: Evidence from China’s fighting against COVID-19. Administration & Society, 53(6), 895–921. https://doi.org/10.1177/00953997211009890
WoodsN. (2014). Global economic governance after the 2008 crisis: A new action plan for the reform of global economic governance (GEG Working Paper No. 2014/89). GEG.
146.
World Health Organization. (2021a). COVAX: Working for global equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines (WHO Reports).
WoutersO. J.ShadlenK. C.Salcher-KonradM.PollardA. J.LarsonH. J.TeerawattananonY.JitM. (2021). Challenges in ensuring global access to COVID-19 vaccines: Production, affordability, allocation, and deployment. The Lancet, 397(10278), 1023–1034. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00306-8
149.
XafaM. (2010). Role of the IMF in the global financial crisis. Cato Journal., 30, 475.
150.
YangA.WangR.WangJ. J. (2017). Green public diplomacy and global governance: The evolution of the US–China climate collaboration network, 2008–2014. Public Relations Review, 43(5), 1048–1061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.08.001
151.
YanksonE. (2021). Inter-governmental partnerships and global governance. In Leal FilhoW.Marisa AzulA.BrandliL.Lange SalviaA.WallT. (Eds.), Partnerships for the goals (pp. 636–646). Springer International Publishing.
152.
YasinH. Q.BreadsellJ.TahirM. N. (2021). Climate-water governance: A systematic analysis of the water sector resilience and adaptation to combat climate change in Pakistan. Water Policy, 23(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.113
153.
YıldırımC.ÖnenH. G. (2024). Vulnerabilities of the neoliberal global food system: The Russia–Ukraine War and COVID-19. Journal of Agrarian Change, 24(4), e12601. https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12601
