This study established preliminary normative data on the position of the scapula on the thorax in 91 normal 6-year-old hoys. Scapular abduction and upward tilt of the scapula were measured with a ruler and a beveled prOTRactor in four test positions. The data showed that multiple measurements were needed due to the high variability of scapular positioning across subjects. The most reliable and least variable of the four test positions was the quadruped position. Results provide therapists with acceptable guidelines for the range of scapular deviation in normal 6-year-old boys. Implications for further research are discussed.
BatemanJ. E. (1978). The shoulder and neck. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders.
2.
BayleyN. (1969). Bayley scales of infant development. New York: The Psychological Corporation.
3.
BrookeM. H. (1977). Clinician's view of neuromuscular diseases. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
4.
BrunnstromS. (1941). Muscle testing around the shoulder girdle. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 23, 263–272.
5.
ElliottJ.ConnollyK. (1974). Hierarchical organization in skill development. In ConnollyK. J.BrunerJ. S. (Eds.), The growth of competence. London/New York: Academic Press.
GilfoyleE. M.GradyA. P.MooreJ. C. (1981). Children adapt. Thorofare, NJ: Charles B. Slack.
8.
HeinigerM. C.RandolphS. L. (1981). Neurophysiological concepts in human learning: The tree of learning. St. Louis, MO: C. V. Mosby.
9.
HohlsteinR. (1982). The development of prehension in normal infants. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 36, 170–176.
10.
HorwitzM. T.TocantinsL. M. (1938). Isolated paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 20, 721–724.
11.
KapandjiI. A. (1970). The physiology of the joints: Vol. 1: Upper limb. Edinburgh: E. S. Livingstone.
12.
KendallH. O. (1971). Muscle testing and function. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
13.
KentB. E. (1971). Functional anatomy of the shoulder complex: A review. Physical Therapy, 51, 867–887.
14.
KnickerbockerB. M. (1980). A holistic approach to the treatment of learning disorders. Thorofare, NJ: Charles B. Slack.
15.
KuypersH. G. (1963). The organization of the motor system. International Journal of Neurology, 4, 78–91.
16.
LevinS. (1973). Agenesis of the serratus anterior muscle: A cause of winged scapula. Journal of the American Medical Association, 225, 748.
17.
MorrisJ. (1978). The joints of the shoulder girdle. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 24, 63–66.
18.
RaschP. J.BurkeR. K. (1978). Kinesiology and applied anatomy. Philadelphia, PA: Lee & Febiger.
19.
RosenbloomL.HortonM. E. (1971). The maturation of fine prehension in young children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 13, 3–8.
20.
SaeedM. A.GatensP. F.SinghS. (1981). Winging of the scapula. American Family Practice, 24, 139–143.
21.
ScherzerA. L.TscharnuterJ. (1982). Early diagnosis and therapy in cerebral palsy. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
22.
SteindlerA. (1973). Kinesiology of the human body: Under normal and pathological conditions. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
23.
StockmeyerS. A. (1972). Sensorimotor approach to treatment. In PearsonP.WilliamsC. (Eds.), Physical therapy services in the development disabilities. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
24.
WellsK. F. (1971). Kinesiology: The scientific basis of human motion. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders.
25.
WilsonB. N. (1984). Proximal stability and distal control in SI dysfunction. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 51, 11–16.
