Voices Beyond Bars: Formerly Incarcerated Women’s Barriers and Facilitators to Reintegration

Abstract

Formerly incarcerated women (FIW) face personal, societal, and systemic barriers to reintegration. Occupational therapy professionals (OTPs) are called to support marginalized groups and advocate for change. Guided by the Framework of Occupational Justice, this qualitative study examined how barriers and facilitators shape FIW’s occupational participation and experiences of occupational injustice. Interviews with 20 FIW explored post-incarceration experiences in home, work, health, and social engagement. Data were analyzed thematically and organized into personal, societal, and systemic categories. Personally, FIW’s self-efficacy and drive/persistence rebuilt their occupational identity, while choice overload contributed to occupational imbalance. Societally, support/opportunity, environment, and stigma/discrimination shaped the degree of help received, promoting or hindering occupational alienation. Systemically, parole/probation, state resources, and legislation facilitated reintegration or reinforced continued institutionalization, leading to occupational deprivation. Post-release challenges highlighted OTPs’ role and advocacy with FIW.

Plain Language Summary

Voices Beyond Bars: Understanding Barriers and Supports to Daily Life and How Occupational Therapy Can Help with Reintegration for Formerly Incarcerated Women

Women who leave prison often face many challenges when trying to return to their communities. These challenges can make it hard to find work, take care of their health, manage their homes, and connect with others. Occupational therapy professionals (OTPs) can help by supporting these women and advocating for fair access to resources. This study used an Occupational Therapy Justice Framework to explore how various barriers and supports affect women’s confidence and their participation in daily life. Researchers interviewed 20 women about their experiences after prison. The findings were grouped into three levels: personal, community, and state. At the personal level, traits like confidence and determination helped women succeed, while feeling overwhelmed or lacking direction made things harder. In their communities, encouragement and opportunity supported success, but stigma and discrimination created barriers. At the state level, systems like parole, probation, and government programs sometimes helped, but strict rules often limited women’s freedom and participation. The study shows where OTPs can make a real difference. By listening to women’s stories, promoting fair policies, and helping them find resources, OTPs can support these women in rebuilding their lives and returning to meaningful daily activities.