There is a need to quantify daily emotional affect and demonstrate the range of emotions associated with occupational performance. We describe the development and psychometric testing of the Emotional Experiences in Activities of Daily Living Scale (EEADLs). A total of 343 individuals reported the frequency of positive and negative emotions in the context of activities of daily living. Factor analysis of emotional ratings and occupational areas was undertaken. Internal consistency was evaluated for each of the factors and the relationship between emotional ratings and task complexity was established. Internal consistency of emotional subscales was good (Cronbach’s α = .81–.82). Emotional ratings of daily activities varied by task complexity with more complex tasks rated as higher in both positive and negative valence. The findings of this study support the internal consistency of the EEADLs scale and suggest that assessment of emotional valence can occur within daily occupations.
American Occupational Therapy Association. (2020). Occupational therapy practice framework: Domain and process (4th ed.). American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 74(Suppl. 2), 7412410010p1–7412410010p87. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2020.74S2001
2.
ArbuckleJ. L. (2019). Amos (Version 26.0) [Computer program]. IBM SPSS.
3.
BelchiorP.d HolmesM.BierN.BottariC.MazerB.RobertA.KaurN. (2015). Performance-based tools for assessing functional performance in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.15453/2168-6408.1173
BlomgrenC.SamuelssonH.BlomstrandC.JernC.JoodK.ClaessonL. (2019). Long-term performance of instrumental activities of daily living in young and middle-aged stroke survivors—Impact of cognitive dysfunction, emotional problems and fatigue. PLOS ONE, 14(5), Article e0216822. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216822
6.
CahnD. A.SullivanE. V.ShearP. K.PfefferbaumA.HeitG.SilverbergG. (1998). Differential contributions of cognitive and motor component processes to physical and instrumental activities of daily living in Parkinson’s disease. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 13(7), 575–583. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/13.7.575
7.
CarstensenL. L.PasupathiM.MayrU.NesselroadeJ. R. (2000). Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(4), 644–655. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.644
8.
ClarkL.WatsonD. (2019). Constructing validity: New developments in creating objective measuring instruments. Psychological Assessment, 31(12), 1412–1427. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000626
9.
CostelloA. B.OsborneJ. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 10, Article 7. https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868
10.
CsikszentmihalyiM. (1997). Finding flow: The psychology of engagement with everyday life. Basic Books.
DeLongisA.CoyneJ. C.DakofG.FolkmanS.LazarusR. S. (1982). Relationship of daily hassles, uplifts, and major life events to health status. Health Psychology, 1(2), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.1.2.119
13.
DeVellisR. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications (2nd ed.). SAGE.
14.
DienerE.EmmonsR. A. (1984). The independence of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(5), 1105–1117. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.47.5.1105
15.
DienerE.SandvikE.PavotW. (2009). Happiness is the frequency, not the intensity, of positive versus negative affect. In DienerE. (Ed.), Assessing well-being. Social indicators research series (Vol. 39, pp. 213–231). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_10
16.
Hemphill-PearsonB. J. (Ed.). (2008). Assessments in occupational therapy mental health: An integrative approach. Slack.
17.
JeffersonA. L.PaulR. H.OzonoffA.CohenR. A. (2006). Evaluating elements of executive functioning as predictors of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21(4), 311–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2006.03.007
18.
JekelK.DamianM.WattmoC.HausnerL.BullockR.ConnellyP. J.DuboisB.EriksdotterM.EwersM.GraesselE.KrambergerM.G.LawE.MecocciP.MolinuevoJ. L.NygardL.Olde-RikkertM.OrgogozoJ.M.PasquierF.PeresK.. . .FrölichL. (2015). Mild cognitive impairment and deficits in instrumental activities of daily living: A systematic review. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 7(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-015-0099-0
19.
KannerA. D.CoyneJ. C.SchaeferC.LazarusR. S. (1981). Comparison of two modes of stress measurement: Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00844845
20.
KlyczekJ. P.Bauer-YoxN.FielderR. C. (1997). The interest checklist: A factor analysis. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 51(10), 815–823. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.51.10.815
21.
LarsonR. (2009). The contributions of positive and negative affect to emotional well-being. Psychological Topics, 18(2), 247–266.
22.
LarsonR. W. (1987). On the independence of positive and negative affect within hour-to-hour experience. Motivation & Emotion, 11(2), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992340
23.
LawtonM. P.BrodyE. M. (1969). Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. The Gerontologist, 9(3), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/9.3_Part_1.179
MatuskaK. (2012). Description and development of the life balance inventory. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 32(1), 220–228. https://doi.org/10.3928/15394492-20110610-01
27.
McIntoshE.GillandersD.RodgersS. (2010). Rumination, goal linking, daily hassles and life events in major depression. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 17(1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.611
28.
MlinacM. E.FengM. C. (2016). Assessment of activities of daily living, self-care, and independence. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(6), 506–516. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acw049
29.
NadlerJ. D.RichardsonE. D.MalloyP. F.MarranM. E.Hoststler-BrinsonM. (1993). The ability of the dementia rating scale to predict everyday functioning. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 8(5), 449–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/0887-6177(93)90008-O
30.
PfefferR. I.KurosakiT. T.HarrahC. H.Jr.ChanceJ. M.FilosS. (1982). Measurement of functional activities in older adults in the community. Journal of Gerontology, 37(3), 323–329. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/37.3.323
31.
RobertsonL.BlagaL. (2013). Occupational therapy assessments used in acute physical care settings. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 20(2), 127–135. https://doi.org/10.3109/11038128.2012.737369
SchimmackU.DienerE. (1997). Affect intensity: Separating intensity and frequency in repeatedly measured affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(6), 1313–1329. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.6.1313
34.
SchwartzR. M.ReynoldsC. F.IIIThaseM. E.FrankE.FasiczkaA. L.HaagaD. A. F. (2002). Optimal and normal affect balance in psychotherapy of major depression: Evaluation of the balanced stats of mind model. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30(4), 439–450. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465802004058
35.
SuchyY.WilliamsP. G.KraybillM. L.FranchowE.ButnerJ. (2010). Instrumental activities of daily living among community-dwelling older adults: Personality associations with self-report, performance, and awareness of functional difficulties. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 65(5), 542–550. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbq037
36.
WatsonD.ClarkL. A.TellegenA. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/002-3514.54.6.1063
37.
WoodW.QuinnJ. M.KashyD. A. (2002). Habits in everyday life: Thought, emotion, and action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(6), 1281–1297. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1281
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
