The development of ultrasound techniques for assessment of aortoiliac obstructive disease is described. This period started in 1959 with the detection of blood flow with an ultrasonic device. Continuous-wave Doppler devices were designed, and the pulse waves of readily accessible vessels like the common femoral artery were examined. It was soon recognized that the functional status of the aortoiliac arteries could be assessed by the Doppler characteristics of the common femoral artery pulse wave. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to analyze the femoral Doppler signal. The introduction of duplex scanning made it possible to evaluate the hemodynamics of aortoiliac arteries directly. At present, duplex scanning offers the best method of evaluating the aortoiliac arteries noninvasively.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
1. Myers KA, Scott DF, Devine TJ, et al: Palpation of the femoral and popliteal pulses: A study of the accuracy as assessed by agreement between multiple observers. Eur J Vasc Surg1:245-249,1987.
2.
2. Johnston KW, Demorais D, Colapinto RF: Difficulty in assessing the severity of aorto-iliac disease by clinical and arteriographic methods. Angiology31:609-614,1981.
3.
3. Baker JD: Hemodynamic assessment of aortoiliac segment. Surg Clin North Am70:31-40,1990.
4.
4. Satomura S: Study of the flow patterns in peripheral arteries by ultrasonics. J Acoust Soc Jpn15:151-158,1959.
5.
5. Franklin DL, Schegel W, Rushmer RF: Blood flow measured by Doppler frequency shift of back-scattered ultrasound. Science93:564-565,1961.
6.
6. Kitslaar PJEHM: Doppler ultrasound tests in the diagnosis of chronic aortoiliac obstruction. Thesis, Maastricht,1982.
8. Nicolaides AN, Gordon-Smith IC, Dayandas J, et al: The value of Doppler blood velocity tracings in the detection of aortoiliac disease in patients with intermittent claudication. Surgery80:774-778,1976.
9.
9. Persson AV, Gibbons G, Griffey S: Noninvasive evaluation of the aorto-iliac segment. J Cardiovasc Surg22;539-542,1981.
10.
10. Walton L, Martin TRP, Collins M: Prospective assessment of the aorto-iliac segment by visual interpretation of frequency analysed Doppler waveforms: A comparison with arteriography. Ultrasound Med Biol10:27-32,1984.
11.
11. Gosling RG, Dunbar G, King DH, et al: The quantative analysis of peripheral arterial disease by a nonintrusive ultrasonic technique. Angiology22:52-55,1971.
12.
12. Campbell WB, Cole SEA, Skidmore R, et al: The clinician and the vascular laboratory in the diagnosis of aortoiliac stenosis. Br J Surg71:302-306,1984.
13.
13. Demorais D, Johnston KW: Assessment of aorto-iliac disease by non-invasive quantitative Doppler waveform analysis. Br J Surg68:789-792,1981.
14.
14. Ward SA, Martin AS: Some aspects of ultrasound in the diagnosis and assessment of aortoiliac disease. Am J Surg140:260-265,1980.
15.
15. Thiele BL, Bandyk DF, Zierler RE, et al: A systematic approach to the assessment of aortoiliac disease. Arch Surg118:477-481,1983.
16.
16. Johnston KW, Kassam M, Cobbold RSC: Relationship between Doppler pulsatility index and direct femoral pressure measurements in the diagnosis of aortoiliac occlusive disease. Ultrasound Med Biol9:271-281,1983.
17.
17. Johnston KW, Kassam M, Koers J, et al: Comparative study of four methods for quantifying Doppler ultrasound waveforms from the femoral artery. Ultrasound Med Biol10:1-12,1984.
19. Skidmore R, Woodcock JP: Physiological interpretation of Doppler-shift waveforms: I. Theoretical considerations. Ultrasound Med Biol6:7-10,1980.
20.
20. Skidmore R, Woodcock JP: Physiological interpretation of Doppler-shift waveforms: II. Validation of the Laplace transform method for the characterization of the common femoral blood velocity/time waveform. Ultrasound Med Biol6:219-225,1980.
21.
21. Skidmore R, Woodcock JP: Physiological interpretation of Doppler-shift waveforms: III. Clinical results. Ultrasound Med Biol6:227-231,1980.
22.
22. Macpherson DS, Evans DH, Bell PRF: Common femoral artery Doppler waveforms: A comparison of three methods of objective analysis with direct pressure measurements. Br J Surg71:46-49,1984.
23.
23. Baird RN, Bird DR, Clifford PC, et al: Upstream stenosis. Its diagnosis by Doppler signals from the femoral artery. Arch Surg115:1316-1322,1980.
24.
24. Baker JD, Skidmore R, Cole SE: LaPlace transform analysis of femoral artery Doppler signals: The state of the art. Ultrasound Med Biol15:13-20,1989.
25.
25. Kitslaar PJEHM, Jörning PJG, Köhlen JPFM: Assessment of aortoiliac stenosis by femoral artery pressure measurement and Doppler waveform analysis. Eur J Vasc Surg2:35-40,1988.
26.
26. Burnham SJ, Jaques P, Burnham CB: Noninvasive detection of iliac artery stenosis in the presence of superficial femoral artery obstruction. J Vasc Surg16:445-452,1992.
27.
27. Sawchuk AP, Flanigan DP, Tober JC, et al: A rapid, accurate, noninvasive technique for diagnosing critical and subcritical stenoses in aortoiliac arteries. J Vasc Surg12:158-167,1990.
28.
28. Harward TR, Bernstein EF, Fronek A: The value of power frequency spectrum analysis in the identification of aortoiliac artery disease. J Vasc Surg5:803-813,1987.
29.
29. van Asten WNJC, Beijneveld WJ, Pieters BR, et al: Assessment of aortoiliac obstructive disease by Doppler spectrum analysis of blood flow velocities in the common femoral artery at rest and during reactive hyperemia. Surgery109:633-639,1991.
30.
30. van Asten WNJC, Beijneveld WJ, van Lier HJJ, et al: Effect of distal occlusions on the assessment of aortoiliac pathology by analysis of Doppler spectra. Ultrasound Med Biol17:849-855,1991.
31.
31. Evans DH, Macpherson DS, Asher MJ, et al: Changes in Doppler ultrasound sonograms at varying distances from stenoses. Cardiovascular Res16:631-636,1982.
32.
32. Jager KA, Phillips DJ, Martin RL, et al: Noninvasive mapping of lower limb arterial lesions. Ultrasound Med Biol11:515-521,1985.
33.
33. Kohler TR, Nance DR, Cramer MM, et al: Duplex scanning for diagnosis of aortoiliac and femoropopliteal disease: A prospective study. Circulation76:1074-1080,1987.
34.
34. Langsfeld M, Nepute J, Hershey FB, et al: The use of deep duplex scanning to predict hemodynamically significant aortoiliac stenoses. J Vasc Surg7:395-399,1988.
35.
35. Moneta GL, Yeager RA, Antonovic R, et al: Accuracy of lower extremity arterial duplex mapping. J Vasc Surg15:275-284,1992.
36.
36. Moneta GL, Yeager RA, Lee RW, et al: Noninvasive localization of arterial occlusive disease: A comparison of segmental Doppler pressures and arterial duplex mapping. J Vasc Surg17:578-582,1993.
37.
37. Rosfors S, Eriksson M, Höglund N, et al: Duplex ultrasound in patients with suspected aorto-iliac occlusive disease. Eur J Vasc Surg7:513-517,1993.
38.
38. Legemate DA, Teeuwen C, Hoeneveld H, et al: The potential of duplex scanning to replace aorto-iliac and femoro-popliteal angiography. Eur J Vasc Surg3:49-54,1989.
39.
39. de Smet AAEA, Kitslaar PJEHM: A duplex criterion for aorto-iliac stenosis. Eur J Vasc Surg4:275-278,1990.
40.
40. Wittens CH, van Houtte HJ, Bollen EC, et al: The imaging quality of angiodynography in the iliofemoral tract. Eur J Vasc Surg4:611-615,1990.
41.
41. Legemate DA, Teeuwen C, Hoeneveld H, et al: Value of duplex scanning compared with angiography and pressure measurement in the assessment of aortoiliac arterial lesions. Br J Surg78:1003-1008,1991.
42.
42. Ranke C, Creutzig A, Alexander K: Duplex scanning of the peripheral arteries: Correlation of the peak systolic velocity ratio with angiographic diameter reduction. Ultrasound Med Biol18:433-440,1992.
43.
43. de Smet AAEA, Visser K, Kitslaar PJEHM: Duplex scanning for grading aortoiliac obstructive disease and guiding treatment. Eur J Vasc Surg8:711-715,1994.
44.
44. Currie IC, Jones AJ, Wakeley CJ, et al: Non-invasive aortoiliac assessment. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg9:24-28,1995.
45.
45. de Smet AAEA, Ermers E, Kitslaar PJEHM: Velocity characteristics of aortoiliac stenoses. Accepted for publication in J Vasc Surg.
46.
46. Hatsukami TS, Primozich J, Zierler RE, et al: Color Doppler characteristics in normal lower extremity arteries. Ultrasound Med Biol18:167-171,1992.
47.
47. Schroedter WB, Tita D, Holec SW: Evaluation of the aorto-iliac segment by color flow Doppler. J Vasc Tech18:115-120,1994.
48.
48. Mulligan SA, Matsuda T, Lanzer P, et al: Peripheral arterial occlusive disease: Prospective comparison of MR angiography and color duplex US with conventional angiography. Radiology178:695-700,1991.
49.
49. Cossman DV, Ellison JE, Wagner WH, et al: Comparison of contrast arteriography to arterial mapping with color-flow duplex imaging in the lower extremities. J Vasc Surg10:522-529,1989.
50.
50. Zierler RE, Sumner DS: Physiologic assessment of peripheral arterial occlusive disease. In: Vascular Surgery, ed. by Rutherford RB. Philadelphia: WB Saunders,1995. pp 65-117.
