If God created the saphenous vein for the sake of vascular surgeons, He neglected to create all men equal in respect to the presence of saphenous veins for needed revascularizations. Therefore, the burden of finding alternatives to saphenous veins reverts to the humble ingenuity of man.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Bergan JJ, Veith FJ, Bernhard VM, et al: Randomization of autogenous vein and polytetrafluoroethylene grafts in femoral-distal reconstruction. Surgery92:921, 1982.
2.
Brewster CD, La Salle AJ, Darling RC: Comparison of above-knee and below-knee anastomosis in femoropopliteal bypass grafts. Arch Surg116:1013, 1981.
3.
Burnham SJ, Flanigan DP, Goodreau JJ, et al: Novein bypass in below-knee reoperation for lower limb ischemia . Surg84:417, 1978.
4.
Campbell CD, Goldfarb D., Roe R.: A small arterial substitute: Expanded microporous polytetrafluoroethylene: Patency versus porosity. Ann Surg182:138, 1975.
5.
Campbell DR, Hoar CS, Gibbons GW: The use of arm veins in femoral-popliteal bypass grafts. Ann Surg190:740, 1979.
6.
Christenson JT, Broome A., Eklof B., Norgren L.: Revascularization of popliteal and below-knee arteries with expanded PTFE-graft: Long-term results of 196 reconstructions . J Cardiovasc Surg22:461, 1981.
7.
Clayson KR, Edwards WH, Allen TR, Dale WA: Arm veins for peripheral arterial reconstruction. Arch Surg111:1276, 1976.
8.
Corson JD, Brewster DCLa Salle AJ, Darling RC: Comparative analysis of vein and prosthetic bypass grafts to the isolated popliteal artery. Surg92:448, 1982.
9.
Cranley JJ, Hafner CD: Newer prosthetic material compared with autogenous saphenous vein for occlusive arterial disease of the lower extremity. Surg89:2, 1981.
10.
Cranley JJ, Hafner CD: Revascularization of the femoropopliteal arteries using saphenous vein, polytetrafluoroethylene, and umbilical vein grafts. Five- and six-year results. Arch Surg117:1543, 1982.
11.
Curtis JJ, Stoney WS, Alford WC, et al: Intimal hyperplasia: A cause of radial artery aortocoronary bypass graft failure. Ann Thor Surg20:628, 1975.
12.
Dale WA, Pridgen WR, Shoulders HH: Failure of composite (Teflon and vein) grafting in small human arteries. Recent Adv in Surg51:258, 1962.
13.
Dardik H., Ibrahim IM, Sprayregen S., Dardik II: Clinical experience with modified human umbilical cord vein for arterial bypass . Surg79:618, 1976.
14.
Dardik H., Ibrahim IM, Dardik I.: Evaluation of glutaraldehyde-tanned human umbilical cord vein as a vascular prosthesis for bypass to the popliteal, tibial, and peroneal arteries. Surg83:577, 1978.
15.
De Laurentis DA, Friedmann P.: Sequential femoropopliteal bypasses: Another approach to the inadequate saphenous vein problem. Surg71:4, 400, 1972.
16.
Echave V., Koornick AR, Haimov M., Jacobson JH: Intimal hyperplasia as a complication of the use of the polytetrafluoroethylene graft for femoral-popliteal bypass. Surg86:791, 1979.
Giordano JM , Keshishian JM: Aneurysm formation in human umbilical vein grafts. Surg91:343, 1982.
19.
Graham JW, Lusby RJ: Infrapopliteal bypass grafting: Use of upper limb vein alone and in autogenous composite grafts. Surg91:646, 1982.
20.
Graham LM, Burkel WE, Ford JW, et al: Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene vascular prostheses seeded with enzymatically derived and cultured canine endothelial cells. Surg91:550, 1982.
21.
Green GE: Internal mammary artery to coronary artery anastomosis. Ann Thor Surg14:260, 1972.
22.
Hagen PO, Wang ZG, Mikat EM, Hackel DB: Antiplatelet therapy reduces aortic intimal hyperplasia distal to small diameter vascular prostheses (PTFE) in nonhuman primates. Ann Surg195:328, 1982.
23.
Haimov M., Jacobson JH: Experience ith the modified bovine arterial heterograft in peripheral vascular reconstruction and vascular access for hemodialysis. Ann Surg180:291, 1974.
24.
Haimov M., Giron F., Jacobson JH: The expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft. Arch Surg114:673, 1979.
Hallin RW, Sweetman WR: The Spark's mandril graft. Am J Surg132:221, 1976.
27.
Hanel KC, McCabe C., Abbott WM: Current PTFE Grafts. A biomechanical, scanning electron and light microscopic evaluation. Ann Surg195:456, 1982.
28.
Haun WE, Brantigan CO, Sawyer RB: Intimal breakdown causing failure of human umbilical vein graft. Arch Surg116:230, 1981.
29.
Kakkar VV: The cephalic vein as a peripheral vascular graft. SGO128:551, 1969.
30.
Kenney DA, Sauvage LR, Wood SJ, et al: Comparison of noncrimped, externally supported EXS and crimped non-supported Dacron prostheses for axillofemoral and aove-knee femoropopliteal bypass. Surg92:931, 1982.
31.
La Salle AJ , Brewster DC, Corson JD, Darling RC: Femoropopliteal composite bypass grafts: Current status. Surg92:36, 1982.
32.
Linton RR, Le Roy SW: Femoropopliteal composite dacron and autogenous vein bypass grafts. Arch Surg107:748, 1973.
33.
Lord JW, Sadranagani B., Bajwa G., Rossi G.: New technique for construction of composite Dacron vein grafts for femoro-distal popliteal bypass in the severely ischemic leg. Ann Surg181:670, 1975.
34.
Ochsner JL, De Camp PT, Leonard GL: Experience with fresh venous allografts as an arterial substiute. Ann Surg173:933, 1971.
35.
Perloff LJ, Christie BA, Ketharanathan V., et al: A new replacemnt for small vessels. Surg89:31, 1981.
36.
Rosenfeld JC , Savarese RP, De Firedmann, PLaurentis DA: Sequential femoropopliteal and femorotibial bypasses. A ten-year follow-up study. Arch Surg116:1538, 1981.
37.
Sauvage LR, Berger KE, Mansfield PB, et al: Future directions in the development of arterial prostheses for small and medium caliber arteries. Surg Clin of N Am54:213, 1974.
38.
Schlosser V. , Urbanyi B.: Late results of bovine arterial prosthesis . J Cardiovasc Surg22:460, 1981.
39.
Schulman ML , Badhey MR: Deep veins of the leg as femoropopliteal bypass grafts. Arch Surg116:1141, 1981.
40.
Simone ST, Dubner M., Safi AR, et al: Comparative review of early and intermediate patency rates of polytetrafluoroethylene and autogenous saphenous vein grafts for lower extremity ischemia. Surg90:991, 1981.
41.
Smits Pjh, Brands LC: Four years experience with dacron-velour vascular prostheses in the femoro-popliteal region. J Cardiovasc Surg21:53, 1980.
42.
Snyder SO, Gegory RT, Wheeler JR, Gayle RG: Composite grafts utilizing polytetrafluoroethylene-autogenous tissue for lower extremity arterial reconstructions. Surg90:881, 1981.
43.
Sparks CH: Silicone mandril method of femoropopliteal artery bypass. Am J Surg144:244, 1972.
44.
Sparks CH: Silicone mandril method for growing reinforced autogenous femoropopliteal artery grafts in situ. Ann Surg177:293, 1973.
45.
Stanley JC, Burkel WE, Ford JW, et al: Enhanced patency of small-diameter externally supported Dacron iliofemoral grafts seeded with endothelial cells. Surg92:994, 1982.
46.
Stephen M., Loewenthal J., Little JM, et al: Autogenous veins and velour Dacron in femoropopliteal arterial bypass. Surg81:314, 1977.
47.
Stipa S.: Saphenous, cephalic and basilic veins for axillo-femoral bypass grafts. J Cardiovasc Surg12:30, 1971.
48.
Stipa S.: The cephalic and basilic veins in peripheral arterial reconstructive surgery . Ann Surg175:581, 1972.
49.
Szilagyi DE , Rodriguez FJ, Smith RF, Elliott JP: Late fate of arterial allografts. Arch Srg101:721, 1970.
50.
Tice DA, Santoni E.: Use of saphenous vein homo-grafts for arterial reconstruction: A preliminary report. Surg67:493, 1970.
51.
Veith FJ, Gupta S., Daly V.: Management of early and late thrombosis of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) femoropopliteal bypass grafts: Favorable prognosis with appropriate reoperation. Surg87:581, 1980.
52.
Veith FJ, Gupta SK, Daly V.: Femoropopliteal bypass to the isolated popliteal segment: Is polytetrfluoroethylene graft acceptable? Surg89:296, 1981.
53.
Vorhees AB, Jaretski A., Blakemore AH: Use of tubes constructed from Vinyon-N cloth in bridging arterial defects . Ann Surg135:332, 1952.
54.
Weisel RD, Johnston KW, Baird RJ, et al: Comparison of conduits for leg revascularization. Surg89:8, 1981.
55.
Welch EL, Geary JE: Femoro-popliteal bypass with bovine heterografts. J Cardiovasc Surg17:62, 1976.
56.
Yashar JJ, Thompson R., Burnard RJ, et al: Dacron VS vein for femoropopliteal arterial bypass. Arch Surg116:1037, 1981.
57.
Yeager RA, Hobson RW, Jamil Z., et al: Differential patency and limb salvage for polytetrafluoroethylene and autogenous saphenous vein in severe lower extremity ischemia. Surg91:99, 1982.
58.
Zierler RE, Fry PD, Reid I.: Revascularization of the leg using polytetrafluoroethylene: Cumulative patency in patients with claudication and limb salvage. Am J Surg143:549, 1982.
59.
Zinman L., Linertino A.: Renovascular Hypertension in Reconstructive Urologic Surgery: Pediatric and Adult. Baltimore, William and Wilkins , 1977.