1. Wilkinson LS, Bunker C, Edwards JC, et al: Leukocytes: Their role in the etiopathogenesis of skin damage in venous disease. J Vasc Surg17:669-675, 1993.
2.
2. Pappas PJ, Fallek SR, Garcia A, et al: Role of leukocyte activation in patients with venous stasis ulcers. J Surg Res59:553-559, 1995.
3.
3. Iwata H, Matsushita M, Nishikimi N, et al: Intestinal permeability is increased in patients with intermittent claudication. J Vasc Surg31:1003-1007, 2000.
4.
4. Pappas PJ, Teehan EP, Fallek SR, et al: Diminished mononuclear cell function is associated with chronic venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg22:580-586, 1995.
5.
5. Saharay M, Shields DA, Georgiannos SN, et al: Endothelial activation in patients with chronic venous disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg15:342-349, 1998.
6.
6. Peschen M, Lahaye T, Hennig B, et al: Expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, LFA-1, and VLA-4 in the skin is modulated by progressing stages of chronic venous insufficiency. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh)79:27-32, 1999.
7.
7. Ono T, Bergan JJ, Schmid-Schonbein GW, et al: Monocyte infiltration into venous valves. J Vasc Surg27:158-166, 1998.
8.
8. Takase S, Lerond L, Bergan JJ, et al: The inflammatory reaction during venous hypertension in the rat. Microcirculation7:41-52, 2000.
9.
9. Frick RW: Three treatments for chronic venous insufficiency: Escin, hydroxyethylrutoside, and Daflon. Angiology51:197-205, 2000.