Phoenix's evolution into one of the dominant metropolitan centers of the American Southwest was the combination of early federal policies, local initiatives, and, most important, the actions of several key business figures. Between 1885 and 1920, W. J. Murphy, Moses Sherman, Dwight Heard, and Benjamin Fowler used their connections to outside investors and federal politicians to advance the small city's promise and to individually profit from its growth. Political initiatives, such as establishing a reform-style government, commissioning a “City Beautiful” plan, and creating a plan commission, were outcomes of the city's early development that flowed directly from the actions of several business leaders. The case of Phoenix underscores how planning reflected the interests of a narrow segment of the political and economic interests of the city.
R. Merton, Social Theory and SocialStructure (New York: Free Press, 1968).
2.
A. Bridges, “ Politics and Growth in Sunbelt Cities,” in Searching for the Sunbelt, ed. R. A. Mohl (Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1990); A. Bridges, Morning Glories: Municipal Reform in the Southwest (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997); and B. Luckingham, Phoenix (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1989).
3.
G.P. Mawn, “ Phoenix, Arizona: Central City of the Southwest” (unpublished doctoral diss., Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 1979).
4.
G. Gammage, Phoenix in Perspective (Tempe: Herberger Center for Design Excellence, Arizona State University, 1999).
5.
W. Kitteredge , Southwestern Homelands ( Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2002 ).
6.
Luckingham, Phoenix.
7.
G.W. Johnson, “ Generation of Elites and Social Change in Phoenix,” in Community Development in the American West, ed. J. L. Embry and H. A. Christy (Provo, Utah: Charles Redd Center for Western Studies, 1985).
8.
Luckingham, Phoenix.
9.
J.A. Peterson, The Birth of City Planning in the United States, 1840-1917 ( Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 2003), 7.
10.
Mawn, “Phoenix, Arizona.”
11.
E. Zarbin, “ Desert Land Schemes,” Journal of ArizonaHistory42, no. 2 (2001): 155-80.
12.
Mawn, “Phoenix, Arizona,” 159.
13.
M. Murphy, “W.J. Murphy and the Arizona Canal Company,” Journal of Arizona History23, no. 2 (1982): 139-70, at 159.
14.
Hayden LibraryHistorical Collection, Arizona State University, Tucson, “W. J. Murphy, 1839-1923.”
15.
Mawn, “Phoenix, Arizona,” 81.
16.
Ibid.
17.
Arizona Republican, “ W.J. Murphy, Pioneer and Builder, Dies at Age of 84,” April 18, 1923, p. 1.
18.
Zarbin, “Desert Land Schemes.”
19.
Johnson, “Generation of Elites and Social Change in Phoenix.”
20.
E. Zarbin, “ In Pursuit of a Reservoir,” in Phoenix in the Twentieth Century, ed. G. W. Johnson ( Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1993).
21.
Mawn, “Phoenix, Arizona.”
22.
Johnson, “Generation of Elites and Social Change in Phoenix.”
23.
Mawn, “Phoenix, Arizona,” 180.
24.
Los Angeles Examiner, “General Sherman, L.A. Ry. Founder, Dies; Rite Monday,” September 10, 1932 ; and Los Angeles Times, “Gen. Sherman's Career Closes,” September 10, 1932.
25.
Murphy, “W. J. Murphy and the Arizona Canal Company.”
26.
Mawn, “Phoenix, Arizona.”
27.
G.W. Johnson , “Dwight Heard in Phoenix,” Journal of ArizonaHistory18, no. 3 (1977): 259-78.
28.
G.W. Johnson, “ Directing Elites: Catalysts for Social Change,” in Johnson, Phoenix in the Twentieth Century.
29.
Johnson, “Dwight Heard in Phoenix.”
30.
Mawn, “Phoenix, Arizona.”
31.
Biographical Record Publishing Company, “ Dwight B. Heard,” in History of Arizona, vol. 3 (Phoenix, AZ: Biographical Record Publishing Company, 1930).
32.
Johnson, “Generation of Elites and Social Change in Phoenix.”
33.
G.W. Johnson, “ Dwight Heard in Phoenix.”
34.
Mawn, “Phoenix, Arizona.”
35.
Bridges, Morning Glories.
36.
E. Zarbin, “Moses H. Sherman: `Ruthless Capitalist' ” (Unpublished manuscript, 2000).
37.
Bridges, Morning Glories.
38.
Luckingham, Phoenix, 73.
39.
Arizona Republican, “First Definite Steps Are Take for Beauty City,” May 13, 1920, p. 14.
40.
Arizona Republican, “Tell What a City Plan Commission Here Would Mean,” May 23, 1920, p. 14.
41.
J.E. Draper, Edward Bennett: Architect and City Planner (Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago, 1982).
42.
Arizona Republican, “City Planning Expert Engaged for Local Work,” July 3, 1920, p. 8.
43.
Draper, Edward Bennett, 41.
44.
Edward H. Bennett Collection, available from the Ryerson and Burnham Archives, Ryerson and Burnham Libraries, the Art Institute of Chicago, 111 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60603-6110.
45.
Biographical Record Publishing Company, “Charles McArthur and Warren McArthur , Jr.,” in History of Arizona, vol. 4 (Phoenix, AZ: Biographical Record Publishing Company, 1930).
46.
Edward H. Bennett Collection.
47.
Ibid.
48.
Ibid.
49.
Ibid.
50.
Peterson, The Birth of City Planning in the United States.
51.
Plan of Phoenix, 1921, in the Edward H. Bennett Collection.
52.
Arizona Republican, “Union Station in Phoenix to Be Reality by Order of Corporation Commission,” May 18, 1920, p. 14.
53.
Arizona Republican, “New City Plan Is Adopted by Official Body,” December 6, 1921, p. 8.
54.
Peterson, The Birth of City Planning in the United States.
55.
Edward H. Bennett Collection.
56.
W.H. Wilson, The City Beautiful Movement (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989).
57.
Arizona Republican, “Last Phoenix Mainline Rail Laid,” June 9, 1926, p. 1.
58.
Gammage, Phoenix in Perspective.
59.
D. McKay, “ Urban Development and Civic Community: A Comparative Analysis,” British Journal of Political Science26 (2000): 1-24.
60.
Peterson, The Birth of City Planning in the United States.
