Thomas Friedman's 2006 book, The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century, has caused both dialogue and controversy. This article explores implications of Friedman's ideas for the education of Latinos/as in American community colleges. A review of current literature addresses Hispanic demographics, workforce projections, the role of community colleges in workforce education, access and success issues, and strategies for serving Latinos/as effectively. Federal, state, and institutional policy changes are proposed.
Achieving the dream . (2006, April). Gatekeeper achievement . Data Notes, 1(3), 1 .
2.
Adams, R. (2005, May 21). Once upon a time in America: Review of The World Is Flat . The Guardian. Retrieved January 2, 2007, from http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/politicsphilosophyandsociety/0,6121,1488753,00.html
3.
Alexander, F.K. (2006, June 30). The states' failure to support higher education . Chronicle of Higher Education, p. B16 .
4.
Bagnato, K. (2005, September 12). The clock is ticking . Community College Week, pp. 6-8 .
5.
Bailey, T. , Alfonso, M. , Scott, M. , & Leinbach, T. (2004, August). Educational outcomes of postsecondary occupational students (CCRC Brief No. 22). New York: CCRC, Teachers College, Columbia University .
6.
Bailey, T. , Calcagno, J.C. , Jenkins, D. , Kienzl, G. , & Leinbach, T. (2005). The effects of institutional factors on the success of community college students (CCRC Brief No. 24). New York: CCRC, Teachers College, Columbia University .
7.
Bailey, T. , & Smith-Morest, V. (2006). Defending the community college equity agenda. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press .
8.
Baum, S. , & Payea, K. (2006). Trends in college pricing 2006. College Board Trends in Higher Education Series. New York: College Board .
9.
Benítez, M. , & DeAro, J. (2004, Fall). Realizing student success at Hispanic-serving institutions . New Directions for Community Colleges, 127, 35-48 .
10.
Bensimon, E.M. (2004, January/February). The diversity scorecard: A learning approach to institutional change . Change, 36(1), 45-52 .
11.
Biswas, R.R. (2005). Access to community college for undocumented immigrants: A guide for policy-makers (Achieving the Dream Policy Brief). Boston, MA: Jobs for the Future .
12.
Biswas, R.R. (2007, March). Update: State policies regarding in-state tuition for undocumented students (Achieving the Dream Policy Brief). Boston, MA: Jobs for the Future .
13.
Bordes, V. , & Arredondo, P. (2005). Mentoring and 1st year Latina/o students . Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 4, 114-133 .
14.
Burd, S. (2002, July 5). Lack of aid keeps 170,000 from college, report says . Chronicle of Higher Education, p. A22 .
15.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2005, December 7). 2004-2014 employment projections [Press release]. Retrieved January 3, 2007, from http://www.bls.gov/news.release/ecopro.nr0.htm
16.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2006a). Education and training pay. Retrieved March 3, 2007, from http://www.bls.gov/emp/emped05.pdf
17.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2006b). Hot careers data. Retrieved January 3, 2007, from http://www.careervoyages.gov/hotcareers-main.cfm
18.
Clements, E. (2000, Winter). Creating a campus climate in which diversity is truly valued . New Directions for Community Colleges, 112, 63-72 .
19.
Cohen, A.M. , & Brawer, F.B. (2003). The American community college. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
20.
Community College Survey of Student Engagement. ( 2005). Engaging students, challenging the odds: 2005 findings . Austin, TX: Author .
21.
Community College Survey of Student Engagement. ( 2006). Act on fact: Using data to improve student success. 2006 executive summary. Austin, TX: Author .
22.
Cunningham, P.D. , Cardenas, J. , Martinez, R. , & Mason, M.L. (2006). LUCERO: Shining a light on Latino student retention . Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 30, 139-140 .
23.
Dellow, D.A. , & Romano, R.M. (2006, August/September). Globalization, offshoring and the community college . Community College Journal, 77(1), 18-22 .
24.
de los Santos, A.G. , & de los Santos, G.E. (2005). Latina/os and community colleges. In J . Castellanos , A. M. Gloria , & M. Kaminura (Eds.), The Latina/o pathway to the Ph.D (pp. 37-53). Sterling, VA: Stylus .
25.
Education Trust. (2003). Latino achievement in America [Fact sheet]. Retrieved March 5, 2007 , from http://www.edtrust.org
26.
Education Trust. (2005). Achievement in America [PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved March 5, 2007 , from http://www.edtrust.org
27.
ERIC Clearinghouse on Urban Education. (2001 ). How minority students finance their education. Retrieved February 10, 2007, from http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/eric.ed.gov/ERIC_Digests/ed460243.htm
28.
Excelencia in Education. (2005). How Latino students pay for college. Washington, DC: Excelencia in Education and Institute for Higher Education Policy .
29.
Flores, S.M. , Horn, C.L. , & Crisp, G. (2006, Spring). Community colleges, public policy and Latino student opportunity . New Directions for Community Colleges , 133, 71-77 .
30.
Friedman, T.L. (2006). The world is flat: A brief history of the twenty-first century. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux .
31.
Fry, R. ( 2002). Latinos in higher education: Many enroll, too few graduate . Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center .
32.
Fry, R. ( 2004). Latino youth finishing college: The role of selective pathways. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center .
33.
Gándara, P. (2006). Strengthening the academic pipeline leading to careers in math, science, and technology for Latino students. Journal of HispanicHigher Education, 5, 222-237 .
34.
González, R.J. (2005, May 15). Falling flat: As the world's boundaries are worn smooth, Friedman examines changing horizons . San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 2, 2007, from http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/05/15/RVGHLCL11V1.DTL&type=books
35.
Grow, B. , Grover, R. , Weintraub, A. , Palmieri, C. , & Der Hovanesian, M. (2004, March 15). Hispanic nation [Cover story] . Business Week, 3874, pp. 58-70 .
36.
Hagedorn, L.S. , Perrakis, A.I. , & Maxwell, W. (2006, April/May). The positive commandments: 10 ways community colleges help students succeed . Community College Journal, 76(5), 58-61 .
37.
Horn, L. , Nevill, S. , & Griffith, J. (2006). Profile of undergraduates in U.S. postsecondary education institutions, 2003-2004, with special analysis of community college students (Report No. 2006-184). Washington, DC: NCES Institute of Education Sciences .
38.
Hurtado, S. , & Carter, D.F. (1997). Effects of college transition and perceptions of the campus racial climate on Latino students' sense of belonging . Sociology of Education, 70, 324-345 .
39.
Hurtado, S. , & Ponjuan, L. (2005). Latino educational outcomes and the campus climate. Journal of HispanicHigher Education, 4, 235-251 .
40.
Johnson, S.D. , Benson, A.D. , Duncan, J. , Shinkareva, O.N. , Taylor, G.D. , & Treat, T. (2004). Teaching skill-based courses at a distance . Community College Journal, 75(2), 8-13 .
41.
Jones, L. , Castellanos, J. , & Cole, D. (2002). Examining the ethnic minority student experience at predominantly White institutions: A case study. Journal of HispanicHigher Education, 1, 19-39 .
42.
Keller, J. (2007, April 13). State legislatures debate tuition for illegal immigrants . Chronicle of Higher Education, p. A28 .
43.
Kelly, P.J. (2005). As American becomes more diverse: The impact of state higher education inequality. Boulder, CO: National Center for Higher Education Management Systems .
44.
Kim, D. ( 2004). Financial aid and college choice. Research inHigher Education, 45(1), 43-70 .
45.
Kim, J. ( 2002). Learning and earnings: How college matters in earnings gap between Hispanic workers and non-Hispanic White workers . Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 1, 125-143 .
46.
Kim, J. ( 2003, July). Returns to college education: An analysis of Hispanic workers . Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 2, 276-291 .
47.
Maxwell, W. , Hagedorn, L.S. , Cypers, S. , Moon, H.S. , Brocato, P. , Wahl, K. , et al. (2003). Community and diversity in urban community colleges: Coursetaking among entering students . Community College Review, 30(4), 21-46 .
48.
McPhee, S. (2004). Hot programs at community colleges [Research brief] . Washington, DC: American Association of Community Colleges .
49.
National Center for Education Statistics. ( 2003). Status and trends in the education of Hispanics. Retrieved March 25, 2007, from www.nces.ed.gov/pubs2003/hispanics/index.asp
50.
National Center for Education Statistics. ( 2006). Digest of Education Statistics, 2005. Retrieved March 25, 2007, from http://www.nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d05/tables/dt05_206.asp?referer=list
51.
National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education. (2005, November). Income of U.S. workforce projected to decline if education doesn't improve . Policy Alert, pp. 1-8 .
52.
National Immigration Law Center. (2007, February). DREAM Act: Basic information [Fact sheet]. Retrieved March 27, 2007, from http://www.nilc.org/immlawpolicy/DREAM/dream_basic_info_0406.pdf
53.
Person, A.E. , & Rosenbaum, J.E. (2006, Spring). Chain enrollment and college enclaves: Benefits and drawbacks of Latino college students' enrollment decisions. New Directions for Community Colleges , 133, 51-60.
54.
Pew Hispanic Center. (2002, January). Hispanic economic prospects depend on education and a strong economy [Fact sheet]. Washington, DC: Author .
55.
Pew Hispanic Center. (2004, January). Hispanic college enrollment: Less intensive and less heavily subsidized [Fact sheet]. Washington, DC: Author .
56.
Phillippe, K.A. , & Sullivan, L.G. (2005). National profile of community colleges: Trends and statistics (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Community College Press .
57.
Pulley, J.L. (2006a, September 25). Crossing borders . Community College Week, pp. 6-9 .
Ruppert, S.S. (2003). Closing the college participation gap: A national summary. Denver, CO: Education Commission of the States, Center for Community College Policy .
60.
Santiago, D.A. , & Brown, S. (2004). Federal policy and Latinos in higher education . Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center .
61.
Santos-Laanan, F. (2007, January). Studying transfer students: Part II: Dimensions of transfer students' adjustment . Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 31(1), 37-59 .
62.
Schmidt, P. (2003, November 28). Academe's Hispanic future . Chronicle of Higher Education, 50(14), p. A8 .
63.
Scott, J. , & Leonhardt, D. (2005, May 15). American ladder is tough to climb . The New York Times viathe International Herald Tribune. Retrieved June 14, 2005, from http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/05/15/America/web.0515class%20COMPLETE.php
64.
Selig Center for Economic Growth. (2006, September 1). Hispanics will top all U.S. minority groups for purchasing power in 2007 [Press release at Terry College of Business, University of Georgia . Retrieved December 31, 2006, from http://www.terry.uga.edu/news/releases/2006/buying_power_study.html
65.
Solórzano, D.G. , Villalpando, O. , & Oseguera, L. (2005). Educational inequities and Latino/a undergraduate students in the United States: A critical race analysis of their educational progress. Journal of HispanicHigher Education, 4, 272-294 .
66.
State Higher Education Executive Officers. ( 2007). State higher education finance FY2006: Executive overview . Boulder, CO: Author .
67.
Stovall, M. (2000, Winter). Using success courses for promoting persistence and completion . New Directions for Community Colleges, 112, 45-54 .
68.
Stromei, M. (2000, Winter). Increasing retention and success through mentoring . New Directions for Community Colleges, 112, 55-62 .
69.
Tomás Rivera Policy Institute. (2006, July 12). Hispanic population truly a national presence [Press release] . Retrieved August 4, 2006, from http://www.trpi.org
70.
Toossi, M. (2002, May). A century of change: The U.S. labor force, 1950-2050. Monthly Labor Review, pp. 15-29.
71.
Tornatzky, L.G. , Cutler, R. , & Lee, J. (2002). College knowledge: What Latino parents need to know and why they don't know it. Los Angeles: Tomás Rivera Policy Institute at the University of Southern California .
72.
Tsapogas, J. (2004, April). The role of community colleges in the education of recent science and engineering graduates [Science resources statistics info brief]. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation .
73.
U.S. Census Bureau. (2004, March 18). Census Bureau projects tripling of Hispanic and Asian populations in 50 years [Press release]. Retrieved November 9, 2006, from http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www./releases/archives/population/001720.html
74.
U.S. Census Bureau. (2006, May 10). Nation's population one-third minority [Press release]. Retrieved January 3, 2007, from http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www./releases/archives/population/006808.html
75.
Waller, L. , Glasscock, H.M. , Glasscock, R.L. , & Fulton-Calkins, P. (2006, June/July). Hispanic-serving community colleges . Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 30(5-6), 463-478 .
