At least five human hepatitis viruses have been identified worldwide. Within the United
States, hepatitis A, B, and C are endemic and account for over 97% of acute viral
hepatitis infections. Infection with hepatitis E virus (HEV) is rarely reported in the
United States but causes large waterborne outbreaks in developing countries. Mounting
evidence indicates that HEV is a zoonotic agent that may result in asymptomatic
infections. Both hepatitis A and E are transmitted by the fecal-oral route, while
hepatitis B, C, and D are bloodborne diseases. This review summarizes the physical
properties of these viruses and describes the timing and location of virus during an
infection as background information for intelligent handing of these agents in the
laboratory. The approaches and methods that should be used for control and prevention are
summarized based upon the mode of transmission and the availability of vaccine
prevention.
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