Valuable ingredients and feed toxicity evaluation of Microcystis aeruginosa acidolysis product in mice

Abstract

This research studied the extraction from Microcystis aeruginosa using hydrochloric acid method as a potentially valuable protein resource from eutrophic lakes. Amino acid composition, residual algal toxins, and heavy metals of the acidolysis product were studied. After 18 h of hydrochloric acid treatment, the product of M. aeruginosa contained 17 amino acids, 51.34% of total amino acid requirements, and 30.25% of the livestock and poultry essential amino acid (Eaa). The residual microcystin-LR (MC-LR) was 0.94 µg kg⁻¹, which was less than WHO drinking water limit of microcystins. The removal ratio of microcystins was higher than 99.99% during the process of hydrolysis. The concentration of heavy metals of the product was in compliance with feed standards. Furthermore, using Horn’s method, Mouse Micronucleus Test and Sperm Shape Abnormality Test were conducted to study the forage safety of the product. Half lethal dose (LD₅₀) of acidolysis product in mice was >9.09 g kg⁻¹ body weight, actually belonging to non-toxic grade. Every dose treatment did not significantly increase activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT). The results of both micronucleus test and sperm shape abnormality test were negative, which suggested the product with no mutagenicity and sperm malformation effects. This study indicated that the acidolysis product of M. aeruginosa was safe to be used as a feed ingredient.

Keywords

acidolysis ingredients feed safety

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Qin

Zhu

Gao

Zhang

Paerl

Carmichael

. A drinking water crisis in Lake Taihu, China: linkage to climatic variability and lake management. Environ Manage 2010; 45: 105–12.

Shen

Liu

Qiu

. Mechanical removal of heavy cyanobacterial bloom in the hyper-eutrophic lake Dianchi. Acta hydrobiologica Sinica/Chung-kuo ko hsueh yuan shui sheng sheng wu yen chiu so 2003; 28: 131–6.

Dong

S-x

Dong

J-y

Song

H-c

Zhou

J-s

Xie

Xia

C-f

Gao

T-r

. Study on the biogas fermentation with blue algae from Dianchi lake. Renew Energy 2006; 2: 16–8.

Han

S-Q

Yan

S-H

Wang

Z-Y

Song

Liu

H-Q

Zhang

J-Q

Huang

J-P

. Harmless disposal and resources utilizations of Taihu Lake blue algae. J Nat Resour 2009; 3: 007–007.

Esteban

Garcia

Ramos

Marquez

. Sub-critical water hydrolysis of hog hair for amino acid production. Bioresour Technol 2010; 101: 2472–6.

Rogalinski

Herrmann

Brunner

. Production of amino acids from bovine serum albumin by continuous sub-critical water hydrolysis. J Supercrit Fluid 2005; 36: 49–58.

Qian

Y-T

Chang

Z-Z

Wang

S-M

J-W

. Hydrolyzation of cyanobacteria into amino acid solution. Jiangsu J Agri Sci 2008; 5: 030–030.

Solter

Wollenberg

Huang

Chu

Runnegar

. Prolonged sublethal exposure to the protein phosphatase inhibitor microcystin-LR results in multiple dose-dependent hepatotoxic effects. Toxicol Sci: Official J Soc Toxicol 1998; 44: 87–96.

Rao

Bhattacharya

. The cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR induced DNA damage in mouse liver in vivo. Toxicology 1996; 114: 29–36.

10.

Gupta

Pant

Vijayaraghavan

Rao

. Comparative toxicity evaluation of cyanobacterial cyclic peptide toxin microcystin variants (LR, RR, YR) in mice. Toxicology 2003; 188: 285–96.

11.

Abramsson-Zetterberg

Sundh

Mattsson

. Cyanobacterial extracts and microcystin-LR are inactive in the micronucleus assay in vivo and in vitro. Mutat Res 2010; 699: 5–10.

12.

Falconer

Burch

Steffensen

Choice

Coverdale

. Toxicity of the blue‐green alga (cyanobacterium) Microcystis aeruginosa in drinking water to growing pigs, as an animal model for human injury and risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 1994; 9: 131–9.

13.

WHO. Cyanobacterial toxins: Microcystin-LR in drinking-water. Background document for preparation of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Geneva: World Health Organization (SDE/WSH), 2003, pp.4-57.

14.

Standards

. National standards glossary of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing: Published by China Standard Press, 2008.

15.

da Silva

Herrmann

Heuser

Peres

Possa Marroni

Gonzalez-Gallego

Erdtmann

. Evaluation of the genotoxic effect of rutin and quercetin by comet assay and micronucleus test. Food Chem Toxicol: Int JBr Indust Biol Res Assoc 2002; 40: 941–7.

16.

Narayana

D'Souza

Seetharama Rao

. Ribavirin-induced sperm shape abnormalities in Wistar rat. Mutat Res 2002; 513: 193–6.

17.

Chamruspollert

Pesti

Bakalli

. Dietary interrelationships among arginine, methionine, and lysine in young broiler chicks. Br J Nutr 2002; 88: 655–60.

18.

Balnave

Barke

. Re-evaluation of the classical dietary arginine: lysine interaction for modern poultry diets: a review. World's Poultry Sci J 2002; 58: 275–89.

19.

Zhou

Zhang

Xie

Liang

. The suppression of hematopoiesis function in Balb/c mice induced by prolonged exposure of microcystin-LR. Toxicol Lett 2013; 219: 194–201.

20.

Zhang

. Toxicology base, 3rd edn. Beijing: Published by People's Health, 2000.

21.

Dong

Zhang

Duan

Cheng

Cui

. Genotoxicity of testicle cell of mice induced by microcystin-LR. Life Sci J 2008; 5: 43–5.