Campylobacter is a major foodborne pathogen of significant public health concern, as it is one of the leading causes of gastroenteritis worldwide. This bacterium has specialized growth requirements, such as specific temperature ranges, a microaerophilic environment (low oxygen levels), and nutrient-rich media. Consequently, the growth and detection of Campylobacter can be challenging, particularly for inexperienced laboratory personnel. Over time, researchers have developed various selective media to recover Campylobacter from diverse food and environmental matrices. However, the variable conditions of these media, along with ongoing efforts to optimize Campylobacter growth and detection, remain active areas of research. This review will focus on the factors that impact Campylobacter growth and recovery. By understanding the unique characteristics and growth requirements of this pathogen, researchers and laboratory personnel can improve their ability to identify and monitor Campylobacter, ultimately contributing to enhanced food safety and public health.
Axelsson-OlssonD, EllströmP, WaldenströmJ, et al.Acanthamoeba-Campylobacter coculture as a novel method for enrichment of Campylobacter species. Appl Environ Microbiol2007;73(21):6864–6869; doi: 10.1128/AEM.01305-07
3.
Barbosa AP, Garcia GonzalezR, Ponce NavaE, et al.Comparison of two selective media for the isolation of Campylobacter species from a pediatric population in Mexico. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis1999;34(4):329–332; doi: 10.1016/s0732-8893(99)00047-4
4.
BaranyiJ, RobertsTA. Principles and application of predictive modeling of the effects of preservative factors on microorganisms. In: The microbiological safety and quality of food. (LundB.M, Baird-ParkerT.C, GouldG.W., Eds). Aspen Publishers: Aspen, Gaithersburg, MD; 2000; pp. 342–358.
5.
BasuS, BoseC, OjhaN, et al.Evolution of bacterial and fungal growth media. Bioinformation2015;11(4):182–184; doi: 10.6026/97320630011182
6.
BatzMB, HoffmannS, MorrisJG.Jr., Ranking the disease burden of 14 pathogens in food sources in the United States using attribution data from outbreak investigations and expert elicitation. J Food Prot2012;75(7):1278–1291.
7.
BeumerRR, de VriesJ, RomboutsFM. Campylobacter jejuni non-culturable coccoid cells. Int J Food Microbiol1992;15(1–2):153–163; doi: 10.1016/0168-1605(92)90144-r
8.
BodieAR, DittoeDK, ApplegateSF, et al.Adaptation of a commercial qualitative BAX® real-time PCR assay to quantify Campylobacter spp. in whole bird carcass rinses. Foods2023;13(1):56; doi: 10.3390/foods13010056
9.
BodieAR, OlsonEG, DittoeDK, et al.Assessing microbial differences associated with Campylobacter inoculated poultry rinsates cultured on selective and non-selective plates. Discov Bact2025;2(1); doi: 10.1007/s44351-025-00017-7
10.
BodieAR, RothrockMJJr, RickeSC. Comparison of optical density-based growth kinetics for pure culture Campylobacter jejuni, coli and lari grown in blood free Bolton broth. J Environ Sci Health B2023;58(11):671–678; doi: 10.1080/03601234.2023.2264742
11.
BoothIR. Stress and the single cell: Intrapopulation diversity is a mechanism to ensure survival upon exposure to stress. Int. J. Food Microbiol.2002;78(1–2):19–30.
12.
BrandlMT, HaxoAF, BatesAH, et al.Comparison of survival of Campylobacter jejuni in the phylosphere with that in the rhizosphere of spinach and radish plants. Appl Environ Microbiol2004;70(2):1182–1189.
13.
BronowskiC, JamesCE, WinstanleyC. Role of environmental survival in transmission of Campylobacter jejuni. FEMS Microbiol Lett2014;356(1):8–19; doi: 10.1111/1574-6968.12488
14.
BurgessCM, GianottiA, GruzdevN, et al.The response of foodborne pathogens to osmotic and desiccation stresses in the food chain. Int J Food Microbiol2016;221:37–53; doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.12.014
15.
BussJE, CresseM, DoyleS, et al.Campylobacter culture fails to correctly detect Campylobacter in 30% of positive patient stool specimens compared to non-cultural methods. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis2019;38(6):1087–1093; doi: 10.1007/s10096-019-03499-x
16.
CameronA, FrirdichE, HuynhS, et al.Hyperosmotic stress response of Campylobacter jejuni. J. Bacteriol.2012;194(22):6116–6130; doi: 10.1128/JB.01409-12
CesarS, HuangKC. Thinking big: The tunability of bacterial cell size. FEMS Microbiol. Rev.2017;41(5):672–678; doi: 10.1093/femsre/fux026
19.
CesareA, SheldonBW, SmithKS, et al.Survival and persistence of Campylobacter and Salmonella species under various organic loads on food contact surfaces. J. Food Prot2003;66:1587–1594; doi: 10.4315/0362-028x-66.9.1587
20.
ChapelaM-J, Garrido-MaestuA, CabadoAG. Detection of foodborne pathogens by qPCR: A practical approach for food industry applications. Cogent Food Agric2015;1(1):1013771; doi: 10.1080/23311932.2015.1013771
21.
ChatmanCC, OlsonEG, MantovaniHC, et al.Meat animal biologics discovery opportunities from the gut microbiome: Application of metabolomics. Meat Muscle Biol2024;8(1):1–11; doi: 10.22175/mmb.18261
22.
ChibaA, KusunokiS, ShimizuT, et al.Serum IgG antibody to ganglioside GQ1b is a possible marker of miller fisher syndrome. Ann Neurol1992;31(6):677–679; doi: 10.1002/ana.410310619
23.
ChlebiczA, ŚliżewskaK. Campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, yersiniosis, and listeriosis as zoonotic foodborne diseases: A review. Int J Environ Res Public Health2018;15(5):863; doi: 10.3390/ijerph15050863
24.
CorryJEL, AtabayHI, ForsytheSJ, et al.Culture media for the isolation of Campylobacters, Helicobacters, and Arcobacters. In: Handbook of culture media for food microbiology, 2nd ed. (CorryJ.E.L, CurtisG.D.W, BairdR.M. Eds.). 271–315. Elsevier: Amsterdam; 2003.
DengW, DittoeDK, PavilidisHO, et al.Current perspectives and potential of probiotics to limit foodborne Campylobacter in poultry. Front Microbiol2020;11:583429; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.583429
27.
DoyleMP, RomanDJ. Prevalence and survival of Campylobacter jejuni in unpasteurized milk. Appl Environ Microbiol1982;44(5):1154–1158.
28.
EberleKN, KiessAS. Phenotypic and genotypic methods for typing Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in poultry. Poult Sci2012;91(1):255–264; doi: 10.3382/ps.2011-01414
29.
El BaabouaA, MaadoudiM, BouyahyaA, et al.A review of current knowledge and gaps about Campylobacter methods: From culture to characterization. J microb biotech food sci2022;11(4):e4154; doi: 10.55251/jmbfs.4154
30.
European Food Safety Authority; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. The European Union One Health 2021 Zoonoses Report. EFSA J2022;20(12):e07666; doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7666
31.
GalanisE. Campylobacter and bacterial gastroenteritis. CMAJ.2007;177(6):570–571; doi: 10.1503/cmaj.070660
32.
GaynorEC, WellsDH, MacKichanJK, et al.The Campylobacter jejuni stringent response controls specific stress survival and virulence-associated phenotypes. Mol Microbiol2005;56(1):8–27; doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04525.x
33.
GharstG, OyarzabalOA, HussainSK. Review of current methodologies to isolate and identify Campylobacter spp. from foods. J Microbiol Methods2013;95(1):84–92; doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.07.014
34.
GonsalvesCC, BorsoiA, PerdonciniG, et al.Campylobacter in broiler slaughter samples assessed by direct count on mCCDA and Campy-Cefex agar. Braz J Microbiol2016;47(3):764–769; doi: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.04.025
35.
GuccioneE, Leon-Kempis MdelR, PearsonBM, et al.Amino acid-dependent growth of Campylobacter jejuni: Key roles for aspartase (AspA) under microaerobic and oxygen-limited conditions and identification of AspB (Cj0762), essential for growth on glutamate. Mol Microbiol2008;69(1):77–93; doi: 10.1111/j.13652958.2008.06263.x
36.
GuévremontE, NadeauE, SiroisM, et al.Antimicrobial susceptibilities of thermophilic Campylobacter from humans, swine, and chicken broilers. Can J Vet Res2006;70(2):81–86.
37.
HakeemMJ, LuX. Survival and control of Campylobacter in poultry production environment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol2020;10:615049; doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.615049
38.
HarrisonLM, BalanKV, HiettKL, et al.Current methodologies and future direction of Campylobacter isolation and detection from food matrices, clinical samples, and the agricultural environment. J Microbiol Meths2022;201:10652; doi: 1016/j.mimet.2022.106562
39.
HazanR, QueYA, MauraD, et al.A method for high throughput determination of viable bacteria cell counts in 96-well plates. BMC Microbiol2012;12:259; doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-259
40.
HazelegerWC, Jacobs-ReitsmaWF, den BestenHM. Quantification of growth of Campylobacter and extended spectrum β-lactamase producing bacteria sheds light on black box of enrichment procedures. Front Microbiol2016;7:1430; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01430
41.
HazelegerWC, Jacobs-ReitsmaWF, Den BestenHMW. Level of detection (LOD50) of Campylobacter is strongly dependent on strain, enrichment broth, and food matrix. Front Microbiol2022;13:834568; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.834568
42.
HazelegerWC, JanseJD, KoenraadPM, et al.Temperature-dependent membrane fatty acid and cell physiology changes in coccoid forms of Campylobacter jejuni. Appl Environ Microbiol1995;61(7):2713–2719.
43.
HeY, CapobiancoJ, ArmstrongCM, et al.Detection and isolation of Campylobacter spp. from raw meat. J Vis Exp2024;204(204):e66462; doi: 10.3791/66462
44.
HillG, BratcherC, WangL, et al.Optimizing enrichment of Campylobacter on poultry. J. Appl. Poult. Res2017;26(3):307–315; doi: 10.3382/japr/pfw075
45.
HoffmanPS, GeorgeHA, KriegNR, et al.Studies of the microaerophilic nature of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni. II. Role of exogenous superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide. Can J Microbiol1979;25(1):8–16.
46.
HofreuterD, MohrJ, WenselO, et al.Contribution of amino acid catabolism to the tissue specific persistence of Campylobacter jejuni in a murine colonization model. PLoS One2012;7(11):e50699; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050699
47.
HofreuterD. Defining the metabolic requirements for the growth and colonization capacity of Campylobacter jejuni. Front Cell Infect Microbiol2014;4:137; doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00137
48.
HofreuterD, NovikV, GalánJE. Metabolic diversity in Campylobacter jejuni enhances specific tissue colonization. Cell Host Microbe2008;4(5):425–433; doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2008.10.002
49.
HorrocksSM, AndersonRC, NisbetDJ, et al.Incidence and ecology of Campylobacter in animals. Anaerobe2009;15(1–2):18–25; doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2008.09.001
50.
HwangS, MillerWG, RyuS, et al.Divergent distribution of the sensor Kinase CosS in non-thermotolerant Campylobacter species and its functional incompatibility with the response regulator CosR of Campylobacter jejuni. PLoS One2014;9(2):e89774; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089774
51.
IndikovaI, HumphreyTJ, HilbertF. Survival with a helping hand: Campylobacter and microbiota. Front Microbiol2015;6:1266; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01266
52.
International Organization for Standardization ISO 10272-1:2017. Microbiology of the food chain – Horizontal method for detection and enumeration of Campylobacter spp. – Part 1: Detection method. ISO: Geneva, Switzerland; 2017. Available from: https://www.iso.org/standard/63225.html [Last accessed: May6, 2024].
53.
JassonV, UyttendaeleM, RajkovicA, et al.Establishment of procedures provoking sub-lethal injury of Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli O157 to serve method performance testing. Int J Food Microbiol2007;118(3):241–249.
54.
KaakoushNO, Castaño-RodríguezN, MitchellHM, et al.Global epidemiology of Campylobacter infection. Clin Microbiol Rev2015;28(3):687–720; doi: 10.1128/CMR.00006-15
55.
KeithlinJ, SargeantJ, ThomasMK, et al.Systematic review and meta-analysis of the proportion of Campylobacter cases that develop chronic sequelae. BMC Public Health2014;14(1):1203; doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1203
56.
KellyAF, ParkSF, BovillR, et al.Survival of Campylobacter jejuni during stationary phase: Evidence for the absence of a phenotypic stationary-phase response. Appl Environ Microbiol2001;67(5):2248–2254; doi: 10.1128/AEM.67.5.2248-2254
57.
KempfB, BremerE. Uptake and synthesis of compatible solutes as microbial stress responses to high-osmolality environments. Arch Microbiol1998;170(5):319–330; doi: 10.1007/s002030050649
58.
KimSA, ParkSH, LeeSI, et al.Assessment of chicken carcass microbiome responses during processing in the presence of commercial antimicrobials using a next generation sequencing approach. Scientific Repts2017;7:43354; doi: 10.1038/srep43354
59.
KlenaJD, ParkerCT, KnibbK, et al.Differentiation of Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari, and Campylobacter upsaliensis by a multiplex PCR developed from the nucleotide sequence of the lipid A gene lpxA. J Clin Microbiol2004;42(12):5549–5557.
60.
LagierJC, EdouardS, PagnierI, et al.Current and past strategies for bacterial culture in clinical microbiology. Clin Microbiol Rev2015;28(1):208–236; doi: 10.1128/CMR.00110-14
61.
LanzlMI, ZwieteringMH, HazelegerWC, et al.Variability in lag-duration of Campylobacter spp. during enrichment after cold and oxidative stress and its impact on growth kinetics and reliable detection. Food Res. Int2020;134:109253; doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109253
62.
LastovicaAJ, OnSLW, ZhangL. The Family Campylobacteraceae In: The Prokaryotes. (RosenbergE, DeLongE.F, LoryS, StackebrandtE, ThompsonF. eds). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg; 2014; doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-39044-9_274
63.
LeachS, HarveyP, WaliR. Changes with growth rate in the membrane lipid composition of and amino acid utilization by continuous cultures of Campylobacter jejuni. J Appl Microbiol1997;82(5):631–640; doi: 10.1111/j.13652672.1997.tb02873.x
64.
LinAE, KrastelK, HobbRI, et al.Atypical roles for Campylobacter jejuni amino acid ATP binding cassette transporter components PaqP and PaqQ in bacterial stress tolerance and pathogen-host cell dynamics. Infect Immun2009;77(11):4912–4924; doi: 10.1128/IAI.00457-09
65.
LineJE, HiettKL, Guard-BouldinJ, et al.Differential carbon source utilization by Campylobacter jejuni 11168 in response to growth temperature variation. J Microbiol Methods2010;80(2):198–202; doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.12.011
66.
LPSN. List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature. LPSN: Braunschweig, Germany2026. Available from: https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/campylobacter [Last accessed: February22, 2026].
67.
LuangtongkumT, JeonB, HanJ, et al.Antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter: Emergence, transmission and persistence. Future Microbiol2009;4(2):189–200; doi: 10.2217/17460913.4.2.189
68.
LynchOA, CagneyC, McDowellDA, et al.Occurrence of fastidious Campylobacter spp. in fresh meat and poultry using an adapted cultural protocol. Int J Food Microbiol2011;150(2–3):171–177; doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.07.037
69.
MaiaMR, MarquesS, CabritaAR, et al.Simple and versatile turbidimetric monitoring of bacterial growth in liquid cultures using a customized 3D printed culture tube holder and a miniaturized spectrophotometer: Application to facultative and strictly anaerobic bacteria. Front Microbiol2016;7:1381; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01381
70.
ManSM. The clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter species. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.2011;8(12):669–685; doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2011.191
71.
MargolinW. FtsZ and the division of prokaryotic cells and organelles. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol2005;6(11):862–871; doi: 10.1038/nrm1745
72.
MarroFC, LaurentF, JosseJ, et al.Methods to monitor bacterial growth and replicative rates at the single-cell level. FEMS Microbiol Rev2022;46(6):fuac030; doi: 10.1093/femsre/fuac030
73.
MihalievicRR, PogacarMS, KlancnikA, et al.Environmental stress factors affecting survival and virulence of Campylobacter jejuni. Microbiol. Path2007;43:120–125; doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2007.03.004
74.
MikulićM, HumskiA, NjariB, et al.prevalence of thermotolerant campylobacter spp. in chicken meat in Croatia and multilocus sequence typing of a small subset of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolates. Food Technol Biotechnol.2016;54(4):475–481; doi: 10.17113/ftb.54.04.16.4647
75.
MoranAP, UptonME. A comparative study of the rod and coccoid forms of Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 29428. J Appl Bacteriol1986;60(2):103–110.
76.
MusgroveMT, BerrangME, ByrdJA, et al.Detection of Campylobacter spp. in ceca and crops with and without enrichment. Poult Sci2001;80(6):825–828; doi: 10.1093/ps/80.6.825
OlsonEG, ChatmanCC, DittoeDK, et al.Deaminase inhibitor impact on poultry cecal microbiota inoculated with Campylobacter jejuni in an in vitro model supplemented with casein hydrolysates. J. Appl. Microbiol2025a;136(3):1–16; doi: 10.1093/jambio/lxaf046
79.
OlsonEG, DittoeDK, ChatmanCC, et al.Campylobacter jejuni and casein hydrolysate addition: Impact on poultry in vitro cecal microbiota and metabolome. PLoS One2024b;19(5):e0303856; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303856
80.
OlsonEG, DittoeDK, ChatmanCC, et al.General media over enrichment media supports growth of Campylobacter jejuni and maintains poultry cecal microbiota enabling translatable in vitro microbial interaction experiments. J Appl Microbiol2024a;135(1):lxad312–l10; doi: 10.1093/jambio/lxad312
81.
OlsonEG, HaleBM, ChatmanCC, et al.Gut microbiota and advances in microbiome sequencing-based technologies: Opportunities for potential biologics discovery in meat animals. Meat and Muscle Biology2025b;9(1):1–21; doi: 10.22175/mmb.20022
82.
OlsonEG, MiccicheAC, RothrockMJJr, et al.Application of bacteriophages to limit Campylobacter in poultry production. Front Microbiol2021;12:458721; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.458721
83.
OyarzabalOA, MacklinKS, BarbareeJM, et al.Evaluation of agar plates for direct enumeration of Campylobacter spp. from poultry carcass rinses. Appl Environ Microbiol2005;71(6):3351–3354; doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.6.3351-3354.2005
84.
ParkSH, HanningI, JarquinR, et al.Multiplex PCR assay for the detection and quantification of Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella serotypes in water samples. FEMS Microbiol Lett2011;316(1):7–15; doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02188.x
85.
PirtSJ. Principles of Microbe and Cell Cultivation. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, UK; 1975, p. 274.
86.
PogacarMS, MihaljevicRR, KlancnikA, et al.Survival of stress exposed Campylobacter jejuni in the murine macrophage 1774 cell line. Int. J. Food. Microbiol2009;129:68–73; doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.11.010
87.
ReezalA, McNeilB, AndersonJG. Effect of low-osmolality nutrient media on growth and culturability of Campylobacter species. Appl Environ Microbiol1998;64(12):4643–4649; doi: 10.1128/aem.64.12.4643-4649.1998
88.
RickeSC, FeyeKM, ChaneyWE, et al.Developments in rapid detection methods for the detection of foodborne Campylobacter in the United States. Front Microbiol2018;9:3280; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03280
89.
RivoalK, RagimbeauC, SalvatG, et al.Genomic diversity of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni isolates recovered from free-range broiler farms and comparison with isolates of various origins. Appl Environ Microbiol2005;71(10):6216–6227; doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.10.6216-6227.2005
90.
SahinO, LuoN, HuangS, et al.Effect of Campylobacter-specific maternal antibodies on Campylobacter jejuni colonization in young chickens. Appl Environ Microbiol2003;69(9):5372–5379; doi: 10.1128/AEM.69.9.5372-5379.2003
91.
ScallanE, HoekstraRM, AnguloFJ, et al.Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis2011;17(1):7–15; doi: 10.3201/eid1701.p11101
92.
SeliwiorstowT, De ZutterL, HoufK, et al.Comparative performance of isolation methods using Preston broth, Bolton broth and their modifications for the detection of Campylobacter spp. from naturally contaminated fresh and frozen raw poultry meat. Int J Food Microbiol2016;234:60–64; doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.06.040
93.
ShahHJ, JervisRH, WymoreK, et al.Reported incidence of infections caused by pathogens transmitted commonly through food: Impact of increased use of culture-independent diagnostic tests — Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 1996–2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep2024;73(26):584–593; doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7326a1
94.
SilvaJ, LeiteD, FernandesM, et al.Campylobacter spp. as a foodborne pathogen: A review. Front Microbiol2011;2:200; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00200
95.
SodagariHR, SohailMN, VargaC. Temporal, regional, and demographic differences among antimicrobial-resistant domestic Campylobacter jejuni human infections across the United States, 2013–2019. Int J Antimicrob Agents2025;65(5):107467; doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2025.107467
96.
Solis-SotoLY, GarciaS, WesleyI, et al.A charcoal-and blood-free enrichment broth for isolation and PCR detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in chicken. J. Food Prot.2011;74(2):221–227; doi: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-10-282
97.
Soto-BeltránM, LeeBG, Amézquita-LópezBA, et al.Overview of methodologies for the culturing, recovery and detection of Campylobacter. Int. J. Environ. Health Res2023;33(3):307–323; doi: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2029366
98.
StahlM, ButcherJ, StintziA. Nutrient acquisition and metabolism by Campylobacter jejuni. Front Cell Infect Microbiol2012;2:5; doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00005
99.
SteinbruecknerS, HaerterG, PelzK, et al.Routine identification of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from human stool samples. FEMS Microbiol Lett1999;179(2):227–232; doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb08732.x
100.
StrakovaN, KorenaK, GelbicovaT, et al.A rapid culture method for the detection of Campylobacter from water environments. Int J Environ Res Public Health2021;18(11):6098; doi: 10.3390/ijerph18116098
101.
TangB, TangY, ZhangL, et al.Emergence of fexA in mediating resistance to florfenicols in Campylobacter. Antimicrob Agents Chemother2020;64(7):e00260–20; doi: 10.1128/AAC.00260-20
102.
TangB, WangY, LuoY, et al.Coexistence of optrA and fexA in Campylobacter. mSphere2021;6(3):e00125-21; doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00125-21
103.
TangB, Xue ZhengX, LinJ, et al.Prevalence of the phenicol resistance gene fexA in Campylobacter isolated from the poultry supply chain. Int J Food Microbiol2022;381:109912; doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109912
104.
TejeraN, CrossmanL, PearsonB, et al.Genome-scale metabolic model driven design of a defined medium for Campylobacter jejuni M1cam. Front Microbiol2020;11:1072; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01072
105.
ThomasC, HillDJ, MabeyM. Evaluation of the effect of temperature and nutrients on the survival of Campylobacter spp. in water microcosms. J Appl Microbiol1999;86(6):1024–1032; doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00789.x
106.
TresseO, Alvarez-OrdóñezA, ConnertonIF. Editorial: About the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter. Front Microbiol2017;8:1908; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01908
107.
TriguiH, ThibodeauA, FravaloP, et al.Survival in water of Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from the slaughterhouse. Springerplus2015;4(1):799; doi: 10.1186/s40064-015-1595-1
van BelkumA, JacobsB, van BeekE, et al.Can Campylobacter coli induce Guillain-Barré syndrome? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis2009;28(5):557–560; doi: 10.1007/s10096-008-0661-9
110.
VelayudhanJ, JonesMA, BarrowPA, et al.L-serine catabolism via an oxygen-labile L-serine dehydratase is essential for colonization of the avian gut by Campylobacter jejuni. Infect Immun2004;72(1):260–268; doi: 10.1128/IAI.72.1.260-268.2004
111.
VidalAB, CollesFM, RodgersJD, et al.Genetic diversity of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates from conventional broiler flocks and the impacts of sampling strategy and laboratory method. Appl Environ Microbiol2016;82(8):2347–2355; doi: 10.1128/AEM.03693-15
112.
WangJD, LevinPA. Metabolism, cell growth and the bacterial cell cycle. Nat Rev Microbiol2009;7(11):822–827; doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2202
113.
WeingartenRA, TaveirneME, OlsonJW. The dual-functioning fumarate reductase is the sole succinate: Quinone reductase in Campylobacter jejuni and is required for full host colonization. J Bacteriol2009;191(16):5293–5300; doi: 10.1128/JB.00166-09
114.
WestfallCS, LevinPA.Comprehensive analysis of central carbon metabolism illuminates connections between nutrient availability, growth rate, and cell morphology in Escherichia coli. PLoS Genet2018;14(2):e1007205; doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007205
115.
WoodJM. Osmosensing by bacteria: Signals and membrane-based sensors. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev1999;63(1):230–262.
116.
WrightJA, GrantAJ, HurdD, et al.Metabolite and transcriptome analysis of Campylobacter jejuni in vitro growth reveals a stationary-phase physiological switch. Microbiology (Reading)2009;155(Pt 1):80–94; doi: 10.1099/mic.0.021790-0
117.
YangY, FeyeKM, ShiZ, et al.A historical review on antibiotic resistance of foodborne Campylobacter. Front Microbiol2019;10:1509; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01509
118.
ZhaoC, GeB, De VillenaJ, et al.Prevalence of Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli, and Salmonella serovars in retail chicken, turkey, pork, and beef from the Greater Washington, D.C., Area. Appl Environ Microbiol2001;67(12):5431–5436; doi: 10.1128/AEM.67.12.5431-5436.2001
119.
ZwieteringMH, JongenburgerI, RomboutsFM, et al.Modeling of the bacterial growth curve. Appl Environ Microbiol1990;56(6):1875–1881.
