This study evaluated the effects of a phytogenic-based liquid anti-mycotoxin agent (grape and olive extracts) on the redox status, health, and performance of broilers. The experimental broilers were divided into two groups: (a) group C (control group) with 22,950 broilers and (b) group T (treatment group) with 23,256 broilers, including administration of 500 mL/ton of the tested agent in drinking water on the 9th–11th, and on the 23rd–25th and 31st–33rd day. A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with a quadrupole time of flight analyzer was performed with fungal metabolites on liver samples. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs), protein carbonyls (CARBs), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total protein, and liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase) were determined in plasma. The relative abundance of the tenuazonic acid (TeA) was calculated for both groups, showing that the exposure of TeA was 83% lower in group T. TBARS and CARBs, as well as the levels of liver enzymes and total proteins, were significantly reduced, while TAC was increased in group T. No differences in mortality rate and a potential improvement in the growth performance of group T were noticed. In conclusion, administering a phytogenic-based liquid anti-mycotoxin agent to broiler positively affects redox status and mycotoxin management.
Abdel-MoneimAE, ShehataAM, AlzahraniSO, et al.The role of polyphenols in poultry nutrition. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)2020;104(6):1851–1866.
2.
Abdel-RazekA, BadrA, ShehataM. Characterization of olive oil by-products: Antioxidant activity, its ability to reduce aflatoxigenic fungi hazard and its aflatoxins. ARRB2017;14(5):1–14.
3.
Abdel-WahhabMA, AljawishA, El-NekketyAA, et al.Chitosan nanoparticles plus quercetin suppress the oxidative stress, modulate DNA fragmentation, and gene expression in the kidney of rat fed ochratoxin A-contaminated diet. Food Chem Toxicol2017;99:209–221.
4.
AgahM, MirakzehiM, SalehH. Effects of olive leaf extract (Olea europaea L.) on growth performance, blood metabolites, and antioxidant activities in broiler chickens under heat stress. J Anim Plant Sci2019;29:657–666.
5.
AlmuhayawiMS, AlruhailiMH, GattanHS, et al.Evaluation of antimicrobial effect of olive leaves powder and its role in improving the broiler productivity, carcass traits, blood metabolites, and caecal microbiota. Poult Sci2023;102(11):103054.
6.
AlmusawiAS, JasimWK, LatifK. Effects of dietary grape seed extract on physiological parameters, antioxidant activity and immunological status of broiler chicks exposed to aflatoxin. Ind J Forensic Med & Toxic2019;13(2):342–346.
7.
AlmusawiAS, JasimWK, KadhimLI. Effects of dietary grape seed extract on physiological parameters, antioxidant activity and immunological status of broiler chicks exposed to aflatoxin. Indian Jour of Foren Med & Toxicol2019;13(2):330–334.
8.
AlshannaqA, YuJH. Occurrence, toxicity, and analysis of major mycotoxins in food. Int J Environ Res Public Health2017;14(6):632.
9.
AroraSS, DebnathA, DharaAK, et al.The efficacy of a novel water-soluble anti-mycotoxin solution in improving broiler chicken performance under mycotoxin challenge. Toxins (Basel)2025;17(5):212.
10.
AsamS, HablerK, RychlikM. Determination of tenuazonic acid in human urine by means of a stable isotope dilution assay. Anal Bioanal Chem2013;405(12):4149–4158.
11.
AsamS, RychlikM. Potential health hazards due to the occurrence of the mycotoxin tenuazonic acid in infant food. Eur Food Res Technol2013;236(3):491–497.
12.
AtesMB, OrtatatliM. Corrigendum to ‘Phase-1 bioactivation mechanisms of aflatoxin through AhR, CAR and PXR nuclear receptors and the interactions with Nigella sativa seeds and thymoquinone in broilers’. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf2021;210:111898.
13.
AvantaggiatoG, GrecoD, DamascelliA, et al.Assessment of multi-mycotoxin adsorption efficacy of grape pomace. J Agric Food Chem2014;62(2):497–507.
14.
BabičJ, Tavčar-KalcherG, CelarFA, et al.Occurrence of Alternaria and other toxins in cereal grains intended for animal feeding collected in Slovenia: A three-year study. Toxins (Basel)2021;13(5):304.
15.
BagchiD, BagchiM, StohsSJ, et al.Free radicals and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract: Importance in human health and disease prevention. Toxicology2000;148(2–3):187–197.
16.
BakeerAM, FaridAS, GadElKarimMF. The hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of mycotoxin in broiler chickens. Benha Vet Med J2013;25(1):29–45.
17.
BakerR, CandresseT, Dormannsné SimonE, et al.Guidance on a harmonised framework for pest risk assessment and the identification and evaluation of pest risk management options by EFSA. EFSA J2010;8:1495.
18.
BasiouniS, Tellez-IsaiasG, LatorreJD, et al.Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative phytogenic substances against secret killers in poultry: Current status and prospects. Vet Sci2023;10(1):55.
19.
BavaroSL, D’AntuonoI, CozziG, et al.Inhibition of aflatoxin B1 production by verbascoside and other olive polyphenols. WMJ2016;9(4):545–554.
20.
BerrouguiH, IkhlefS, KhalilA. Extra virgin olive oil polyphenols promote cholesterol efflux and improve HDL functionality. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med2015;2015:208062.
21.
BerteroAP, FossatiDE, TedescoF, et al.Beauvericin and enniatins: In vitro intestinal effects. Toxins (Basel)2020;12(11):686.
22.
BinderEM. Managing the risk of mycotoxins in modern feed production. Anim Feed Sci Technol2007;133(1–2):149–166.
23.
BottalicoA, LogriecoA. Toxigenic Alternaria species of economic importance. In: SinhaKK, BhatnagarD.(eds) Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food Safety. Marcel Dekker Inc.; New York, 1998, pp. 65–108.
24.
BrydenL. Mycotoxin contamination of the feed supply chain: Implications for animal productivity and feed security. Anim Feed Sci Technol2012;173(1–2):134–158.
25.
ChenY, ChengY, WenC, et al.The protective effects of modified palygorskite on the broilers fed a purified zearalenone-contaminated diet. Poult Sci2019;98(9):3802–3810.
26.
ChiminelliI, SpicerLJ, MaylemER, et al.Emerging mycotoxins and reproductive effects in animals: A short review. J Appl Toxicol2022;42(12):1901–1909.
27.
ComportiM. Lipid peroxidation and biogenic aldehydes: From the identification of 4-hydroxynonenal to further achievements in biopathology. Free Radic Res1998;28(6):623–635.
28.
CrupiR, PalmaE, SiracusaR, et al.Protective effect of hydroxytyrosol against oxidative stress induced by the ochratoxin in kidney cells: In vitro and in vivo study. Front Vet Sci2020;7:136.
29.
DaiN, ZouY, ZhuL, et al.Antioxidant properties of proanthocyanidins attenuate carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced steatosis and liver injury in rats via CYP2E1 regulation. J Med Food2014;17(6):663–669.
30.
DavisTA, BurrinDG, FiorottoML, et al.Roles of insulin and amino acids in the regulation of protein synthesis in the neonate. J Nutr1998;128(2 Suppl):347S–350S.
31.
DengY, QiuM, WangY, et al.Protective effect of antioxidant-enriched diets on T-2-toxin-induced damage in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture2019;506:341–349.
32.
DevegowdaG, MurthyTNK. Mycotoxins: Their effects in poultry and some practical solutions. In: DiazD. (ed) The Mycotoxin Blue Book. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, 2005, pp. 45–46.
33.
EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM). Scientific opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence of Alternaria toxins in food and feed. EFSA J2011;9:97.
34.
ElliottCT, ConnollyL, KolawoleO. Potential adverse effects on animal health and performance caused by the addition of mineral adsorbents to feeds to reduce mycotoxin exposure. Mycotoxin Res2020;36(1):115–126.
35.
ErinleTJ, OladokunS, MacIsaacJ, et al.Dietary grape pomace – effects on growth performance, intestinal health, blood parameters, and breast muscle myopathies of broiler chickens. Poult Sci2022;101(1):101519.
36.
EscriváL, OueslatiS, FontG, et al.Alternaria mycotoxins in food and feed: An overview. J Food Qual2017;2017:1–20.
37.
EskolaM, KosG, ElliottCT, et al.Worldwide contamination of food-crops with mycotoxins: Validity of the widely cited ‘FAO estimate’ of 25%. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr2020;60(16):2773–2789.
38.
EsterbauerH, SchaurRJ, ZollnerH. Chemistry and biochemistry of 4-hydroxynonenal, malonaldehyde and related aldehydes. Free Radic Biol Med1991;11(1):81–128.
39.
European Food Safety Authority, Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM). Scientific opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence of Alternaria toxins in feed and food. EFSA J2011;9:1–97.
40.
FarahatMH, AbdallahFM, AliHA, et al. et alEffect of dietary supplementation of grape seed extract on the growth performance, lipid profile, antioxidant status and immune response of broiler chickens. Animal2017;11(5):771–777.
41.
FeldmanT, WolfeD. Tissue processing and hematoxylin and eosin staining. In: DayC.(ed) Histopathology. Methods in Molecular Biology. Humana Press, New York, 2014, p. 1180.
42.
FernandezA, VerdeMT, GasconM, et al.Variations of clinical biochemical parameters of laying hens and broiler chickens fed aflatoxin-containing feed. Avian Pathol1994;23(1):37–47.
43.
Fernández-PoyatosMP, Ruiz-MedinaA, Llorent-MartínezEJ. Phytochemical profile, mineral content, and antioxidant activity of Olea europaea L. cv. Cornezuelo table olives. Influence of in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Food Chem2019;297:124933.
44.
FraeymanS, CroubelsS, DevreeseM, et al.Emerging Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins: Occurrence, toxicity and toxicokinetics. Toxins (Basel)2017;9(7):228.
45.
FraeymanS, DevreeseM, BroekaertN, et al.Quantitative determination of tenuazonic acid in pig and broiler chicken plasma by LC-MS/MS and its comparative toxicokinetics. J Agric Food Chem2015;63(38):8560–8567.
46.
GambacortaL, PintonP, AvantaggiatoG, et al.Grape pomace, an agricultural byproduct reducing mycotoxin absorption: In vivo assessment in pig using urinary biomarkers. J Agric Food Chem2016;64(35):6762–6771.
47.
GarofaloM, PayrosD, PenaryM, et al.A novel toxic effect of foodborne trichothecenes: The exacerbation of genotoxicity. Environ Pollut2023;317:120625.
48.
GerasopoulosK, StagosD, PetrotosK, et al.Feed supplemented with polyphenolic byproduct from olive mill wastewater processing improves the redox status in blood and tissues of piglets. Food Chem Toxicol2015;86:319–327.
49.
GerezJR, PintonP, CalluP, et al.Deoxynivalenol alone or in combination with nivalenol and zearalenone induce systemic histological changes in pigs. Exp Toxicol Pathol2015;67(2):89–98.
50.
GiambroneJJ, DavisND, DienerUL. Effect of tenuazonic acid on young chickens. Poult Sci1978;57(6):1554–1558.
51.
GrecoD, D’AscanioV, SantovitoE, et al.Comparative efficacy of agricultural by-products in sequestering mycotoxins. J Sci Food Agric2019;99(4):1623–1634.
52.
GrenierB, ApplegateTJ. Modulation of intestinal functions following mycotoxin ingestion: Meta-analysis of published experiments in animals. Toxins (Basel)2013;5(2):396–430.
53.
GrossM, CurtuiV, AckermannY, et al.Enzyme immunoassay for tenuazonic acid in apple and tomato products. J Agric Food Chem2011;59(23):12317–12322.
GuerraMC, GalvanoF, BonsiL, et al.Cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside, a natural free-radical scavenger against aflatoxin B1- and ochratoxin A-induced cell damage in a human hepatoma cell line (Hep G2) and a human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line (CaCo-2). Br J Nutr2005;94(2):211–220.
56.
HassanRA, EidYZ, El-HassanEAA, et al.Ameliorative impacts of grape seed extract on growth performance, immune response, antioxidant capacity and biochemical constituents in broilers exposed to fumonisin B1. Egypt J Nutr Feed2023;26(2):179–192.
Hessel-PrasS, KieshauerJ, RoennG, et al.In vitro characterization of hepatic toxicity of Alternaria toxins. Mycotoxin Res2019;35(2):157–168.
59.
IbrahimD, MoustafaA, ShahinSE, et al.Impact of fermented or enzymatically fermented dried olive pomace on growth, expression of digestive enzyme and glucose transporter genes, oxidative stability of frozen meat, and economic efficiency of broiler chickens. Front Vet Sci2021;8:644325.
60.
JanaszewskaA, BartoszG. Assay of total antioxidant capacity: Comparison of four methods as applied to human blood plasma. Scand J Clin Lab Invest2002;62(3):231–236.
61.
JannahMW, HandayaniF, LukiswantoBS, et al.Investigation of a multicomponent mycotoxin detoxifying agent for aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A-induced blood profile in broiler chickens. Vet World2024;17(5):1044–1051.
62.
KangH. Sample size determination and power analysis using the G*Power software. J Educ Eval Health Prof2021;18:17.
63.
KelesMS, TaysiS, SenN, et al.Effect of corticosteroid therapy on serum and CSF malondialdehyde and antioxidant proteins in multiple sclerosis. Can J Neurol Sci2001;28(2):141–143.
64.
KhalilM, ShamsG, FadilHA, et al.Ameliorative effect of GSPE against AFB1 induced immunotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in Japanese quail. AAVS2022;10(4):712–954.
65.
KnutsenH, AlexanderJ, BarregårdL, EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM). et al.; Risks for animal health related to the presence of fumonisins, their modified forms and hidden forms in feed. EFSA J2018;16:e05242.
66.
KolawoleO, GrahamA, DonaldsonC, et al.Low Doses of Mycotoxin Mixtures below EU Regulatory Limits Can Negatively Affect the Performance of Broiler Chickens: A Longitudinal Study. Toxins2020;12(7):433; doi: 10.3390/toxins12070433
67.
KumandaC, MlamboV, MnisiC. From landfills to the dinner table: Red grape pomace waste as a nutraceutical for broiler chickens. Sustainability2019;11(7):1931.
68.
LawalM, BoluS. Effects of gallic acid (isolated from grape rind) on serum biochemistry, histology and haematology of Aspergillus flavus challenged broilers. Ethiop J Env Stud & Manag2014;7(2):840.
69.
LeesonS, SummersJD. Commercial Poultry Nutrition. Nottingham University Press: Nottingham; 2009.
70.
LoiM, PaciollaC, LogriecoAF, et al.Plant bioactive compounds in pre- and postharvest management for aflatoxins reduction. Front Microbiol2020;11:243.
71.
LopezP, VenemaD, de RijkT, et al.Occurrence of Alternaria toxins in food products in The Netherlands. Food Control2016;60:196–204.
72.
MahmoudR, IbrahimD, BadawiM. Effect of supplementation of broiler diets with guava leaves and/or olive oil on growth, meat composition, blood metabolites and immune response. Benha Vet Med J2013;25:23–32.
73.
MavrommatisA, GiamouriE, TavrizelouS, et al.Impact of mycotoxins on animals’ oxidative status. Antioxidants (Basel)2021;10(2):214.
74.
MeluzziA, PrimiceriG, GiordaniR, et al.Determination of blood constituents reference values in broilers. Poult Sci1992;71(2):337–345.
75.
MujahidA, AkibaY, ToyomizuM. Olive oil-supplemented diet alleviates acute heat stress-induced mitochondrial ROS production in chicken skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol2009;297(3):R690–R698.
76.
MurugesanGR, LedouxDR, NaehrerK, et al.Prevalence and effects of mycotoxins on poultry health and performance, and recent development in mycotoxin counteracting strategies. Poult Sci2015;94(6):1298–1315.
77.
NovakB, Lopes HasudaA, GhanbariM, et al.Effects of Fusarium metabolites beauvericin and enniatins alone or in mixture with deoxynivalenol on weaning piglets. Food Chem Toxicol2021;158:112719.
78.
OstryV. Alternaria mycotoxins: An overview of chemical characterization, producers, toxicity, analysis and occurrence in foodstuffs. WMJ2008;1(2):175–188.
79.
OuédraogoM, CharlesC, OuédraogoM, et al.An overview of cancer chemopreventive potential and safety of proanthocyanidins. Nutr Cancer2011;63(8):1163–1173.
80.
PapakonstantinouGI, MeletisE, PetrotosK, et al.Effects of a natural polyphenolic product from olive mill wastewater on oxidative stress and post-weaning diarrhea in piglets. Agriculture2023;13(7):1356.
81.
PapatsirosVG, EliopoulosC, VoulgarakisN, et al.Effects of a multi-component mycotoxin-detoxifying agent on oxidative stress, health and performance of sows. Toxins (Basel)2023;15(9):580.
82.
PapatsirosVG, KatsogiannouEG, PapakonstantinouGI, et al.Effects of phenolic phytogenic feed additives on certain oxidative damage biomarkers and the performance of primiparous sows exposed to heat stress under field conditions. Antioxidants (Basel)2022;11(3):593.
83.
PapatsirosVG, PapakonstantinouGI, KatsogiannouE, et al.Effects of a phytogenic feed additive on redox status, blood haematology, and piglet mortality in primiparous sows. Stresses2024b;4(2):293–307.
84.
PapatsirosVG, PapakonstantinouGI, VoulgarakisN, et al.Effects of a curcumin/silymarin/yeast-based mycotoxin detoxifier on redox status and growth performance of weaned piglets under field conditions. Toxins (Basel)2024a;16(4):168.
85.
PapatsirosVG, StylianakiI, TsekourasN, et al.Exposure biomarkers and histopathological analysis in pig liver after exposure to mycotoxins under field conditions: Special report on fumonisin B1. Foodborne Pathog Dis2021;18(5):315–321.
86.
PatsoukisN, ZervoudakisG, PanagopoulosNT, et al.Thiol redox state (TRS) and oxidative stress in the mouse hippocampus after pentylenetetrazol-induced epileptic seizure. Neurosci Lett2004;357(2):83–86.
87.
PereiraCS, CunhaSC, FernandesJO. Prevalent mycotoxins in animal feed: Occurrence and analytical methods. Toxins (Basel)2019;11:290.
88.
PittJI, MillerJD. A concise history of mycotoxin research. J Agric Food Chem2017;65(33):7021–7033.
89.
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. 2023. Available from: https://www.R-project.org [Last accessed: November5, 2023].
90.
RajJ, FarkašH, JakovčevićZ, et al.Effects of supplemented multicomponent mycotoxin detoxifying agent in laying hens fed aflatoxin B1 and T2-toxin contaminated feeds. Poult Sci2023;102(8):102795.
91.
RajputSA, SunL, ZhangN, et al.Ameliorative effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on growth performance, immune function, antioxidant capacity, biochemical constituents, liver histopathology, and aflatoxin residues in broilers exposed to aflatoxin B1. Toxins (Basel)2018;10(9):366.
92.
RezarV, Pečjak PalM, SalobirJ, et al.Effect of dietary inclusion of olive leaves and olive pulp on the oxidative status and meat quality of broiler chickens. Agriculture2025;15(6):662.
93.
RodriguesI, NaehrerK. Prevalence of mycotoxins in feedstuffs and feed surveyed worldwide in 2009 and 2010. Phytopathol Mediterr2012;51:175–192.
SalehAA, ParayBA, DawoodMAO. Olive cake meal and Bacillus licheniformis impacted the growth performance, muscle fatty acid content, and health status of broiler chickens. Animals (Basel)2020;10(4):695.
96.
Santos-BuelgaC, ScalbertA. Proanthocyanidins and tannin-like compounds-nature, occurrence, dietary intake and effects on nutrition and health. J Sci Food Agric2000;80(7):1094–1117.
97.
SayinVI, IbrahimMX, LarssonE, et al.Antioxidants accelerate lung cancer progression in mice. Sci Transl Med2014;6(221):221ra15.
98.
ScalbertA, JohnsonIT, SaltmarshM. Polyphenols: Antioxidants and beyond. Am J Clin Nutr2005;81(1 Suppl):215S–217S.
99.
SchatzmayrG, StreitE. Global occurrence of mycotoxins in the food and feed chain: Facts and figures. WMJ2013;6(3):213–222.
100.
SeifiK, RezaeiM, Teimouri YansariA, et al.Effects of different fat sources on energetics and redox status of liver mitochondria of broilers in chronic heat-stress condition. rap2018;8(18):83–90.
101.
ShiJ, YuJ, PohorlyJE, et al.Polyphenolics in grape seeds-biochemistry and functionality. J Med Food2003;6(4):291–299.
102.
Siri-AnusornsakW, MeneelyJ, GreerB, et al.In vitro assessment of commercial multi-mycotoxin binders to reduce the bioavailability of emerging mycotoxins in livestock. Emerg Contam2023;9(4):100256.
103.
SorrentiV, Di GiacomoC, AcquavivaR, et al.Dimethylarginine dimethyl-aminohydrolase/nitric oxide synthase pathway in liver and kidney: Protective effect of cyanidin 3-O-β-D-glucoside on ochratoxin-A toxicity. Toxins (Basel)2012;4(5):353–363.
104.
StefanovićD, MarinkovićD, TrailovićS, et al.Evaluation of effectiveness of a novel multicomponent mycotoxin detoxification agent in the presence of AFB1 and T-2 toxin on broiler chicks. Microorganisms2023;11(3):574.
105.
SteinerT, SyedB. Phytogenic feed additives in animal nutrition. In: MáthéÁ.(ed) Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the World, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht, 2015, pp. 403–423.
106.
StreitE, SchwabC, SulyokM, et al.Multi-mycotoxin screening reveals the occurrence of 139 different secondary metabolites in feed and feed ingredients. Toxins (Basel)2013;5(3):504–523.
107.
SunL, XuG, DongY, et al.Quercetin protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal oxidative stress in broiler chickens through activation of Nrf2 pathway. Molecules2020;25(5):1053.
108.
SuraiPF, FisininVI. Antioxidant-prooxidant balance in the intestine: Applications in chick placement and pig weaning. J Veter Sci Med2015;3(1):16.
109.
SuraiPF. Polyphenol compounds in the chicken/animal diet: From the past to the future. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)2014;98(1):19–31.
110.
TaranuI, MarinDE, PaladeM, et al.Assessment of the efficacy of a grape seed waste in counteracting the changes induced by aflatoxin B1 contaminated diet in performance, plasma, liver and intestinal tissues of pigs after weaning. Toxicon2019;162:24–31.
111.
TavakolinasabF, KhosraviniaH, MasouriB. Effects of milk thistle, artichoke and olive extracts in comparison with atorvastatin and gembrozil on liver function in broiler chicken. Poult Sci J2020;8(3):109–117.
112.
TessariENC, KobashigawaE, CardosoAL, et al.Effects of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 on blood biochemical parameters in broilers. Toxins (Basel)2010;2(4):453–460.
113.
TsiourisV, TassisP, RajJ, et al.Investigation of a novel multicomponent mycotoxin detoxifying agent in amelioration of mycotoxicosis induced by aflatoxin-B1 and ochratoxin A in broiler chicks. Toxins (Basel)2021;13(6):367.
114.
Vázquez-DuránA, Nava-RamírezMJ, Téllez-IsaíasG, et al.Removal of aflatoxins using agro-waste-based materials and current characterization techniques used for biosorption assessment. Front Vet Sci2022;9:897302.
115.
WangML, SuoX, GuJH, et al.Influence of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract in broiler chickens: Effect on chicken coccidiosis and antioxidant status. Poult Sci2008;87(11):2273–2280.
116.
WarthB, BraunD, EzekielCN, et al.Biomonitoring of mycotoxins in human breast milk: Current state and future perspectives. Chem Res Toxicol2016;29(7):1087–1097.
117.
WuG, FangY-Z, YangS, New Collective Author. et al.; Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health. J Nutr2004;134(3):489–492.
118.
XuZ-C, YinJ, ZhouB, et al.Grape seed proanthocyanidin protects liver against ischemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress. World J Gastroenterol2015;21(24):7468–7477.
119.
YangL, YuZ, HouJ, et al.Toxicity and oxidative stress induced by T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in broilers and broiler hepatocytes. Food Chem Toxicol2016;87:128–137.
120.
ZhangX. Application of total bile acid, ALT and AST in serum. Jilin Med J2011;32(48):4840–4841.
121.
ZouY, LiuSB, ZhangQ, et al.Effects of aflatoxin B1 on growth performance, carcass traits, organ index, blood biochemistry and oxidative status in Chinese yellow chickens. J Vet Med Sci2023;85(9):1015–1022.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
