Listeria monocytogenes is a significant foodborne pathogen that poses serious risks to public health and the food industry. In humans, infections can lead to severe clinical outcomes, including gastroenteritis, septicemia, meningitis, encephalitis, and pregnancy-related complications such as stillbirths and spontaneous miscarriages. Contamination of meat and meat products has been associated with numerous outbreaks and sporadic cases worldwide. The detection and identification of L. monocytogenes involve traditional microbiological and biochemical methods, as well as advanced molecular techniques, including the polymerase chain reaction and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the microbiological characteristics, global prevalence, and antibiotic resistance profiles of L. monocytogenes. The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains underscores the importance of ongoing surveillance, effective antimicrobial stewardship, and rigorous adherence to food safety measures. Integrated efforts across the meat production and processing chain, combined with rapid diagnostic tools and public health interventions, are crucial to reducing the risk of listeriosis and ensuring the safety of meat products globally.
Aalto-AranedaM, LundénJ, MarkkulaA, et al.Processing plant and machinery sanitation and hygiene practices associate with Listeria monocytogenes occurrence in ready-to-eat fish products. Food Microbiol, 2019; 82:455–464; doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.03.017
2.
AbdelhamedH, NhoSW, KimSW, et al.Serotype-identifying ions in Listeria monocytogenes using matrix-associated laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Heliyon, 2022; 8(12):e11769; doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11769
3.
Abdul KarimS, GeorgeSS, Al-HilifiSA. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts against Listeria monocytogenes isolated from some fresh meat from local markets in the city of Basrah. Arab Univ J Agric Sci, 2024; 7(22):25–48; doi: 10.21608/asajs.2024.349808
4.
AdebesinIO, AmokaSO, OlomokoCR, et al.Listeria monocytogenes in food production and food safety. J Food Sci Nutr The, 2024; 10(1):57–68; doi: 10.17352/jfsnt.000050
5.
AladhadhM. A review of modern methods for the detection of foodborne pathogens. Microorganisms, 2023; 11(5):1111; doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11051111
6.
Al-GhanimAM, AbbasBA. Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in frozen food using a specific inlB virulence gene. J Phys: Conf Ser, 2021; 1879(2):22011; doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1879/2/022011
7.
AllerbergerF. Listeria: Growth, phenotypic differentiation and molecular microbiology. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 2003; 35(3):183–189; doi: 10.1016/S0928-8244(02)00447-9
8.
AnT, SongM, LiX, et al.Development of visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays for foodborne hepatitis a virus. Foods, 2025; 14(6):934; doi: 10.3390/foods14060934
9.
AndareasP, AruanM, LusianaDIG, et al.Pelatihan identifikasi enterobacteriaceae secara biokimia menggunakan analytical profile index (API) 20-E kedapa guru dan siswa teknologi laboratorium medik SMK Negeri 9 Kota Tangerang. PKM, 2023; 6(9):3758–3773; doi: 10.33024/jkpm.v6i9.11067
10.
AndriyanovPA, ZhurilovPA, LiskovaEA, et al.Antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from humans, animals, and food products in Russia in 1950–1980, 2000–2005, and 2018–2021. Antibiotics (Basel), 2021; 10(10):1206; doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10101206
11.
AngelettiS. Matrix assisted laser desorption time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in clinical microbiology. J Microbiol Methods, 2017; 138:20–29; doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.09.003
12.
AnupamaA, PattapulavarV, ChristopherG. The past, present, future of Listeria monocytogenes: Understanding the molecular pathways, antibiotic resistance and public health implications. Med Microecol, 2025; 25:100127; doi: 10.1016/j.medmic.2025.100127
13.
AtaseverM. Listeria monocytogenes: An overview. Asian J Med Biol Res, 2025; 11(1):5–12; doi: 10.3329/ajmbr.v11i1.68241
14.
AwaiwanontN, SmuldersFJM, PaulsenP. Growth potential of Listeria monocytogenes in traditional Austrian cooked-cured meat products. Food Control, 2015; 50:150–156; doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.08.043
15.
BarbuddheS, HainT, DoijadSP, et al.The genus Listeria. In: Practical Handbook of Microbiology. LorrenceHGE, Goldman, eds. 4th ed. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL; 2021, 411–442.
16.
Befa KinkiA, AtlawT, HaileT, et al.Preservation of minced raw meat using rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and basil (Ocimum basilicum) essential oils. Cogent Food Agric, 2024; 10(1):2306016; doi: 10.1080/23311932.2024.2306016
17.
BersisaA, TuluD, NegeraC. Investigation of bacteriological quality of meat from Abattoir and Butcher shops in Bishoftu, Central Ethiopia. Int J Microbiol, 2019; 2019(1):6416803; doi: 10.1155/2019/6416803
18.
BertschD, RauJ, EugsterMR, et al.Listeria fleischmannii sp. nov., isolated from cheese. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 2013; 63(Pt 2):526–532; doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.036947-0
19.
BodieAR, O’BryanCA, OlsonEG, et al.Natural antimicrobials for Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat meats: Current challenges and future prospects. Microorganisms, 2023; 11(5):1301; doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11051301
20.
BonosE, SkoufosI, PetrotosK, et al.Innovative use of olive, winery and cheese waste by-products as functional ingredients in broiler nutrition. Vet Sci, 2022; 9(6):290; doi: 10.3390/vetsci9060290
21.
BouayadL, HamdiT-M. Prevalence of Listeria spp. in ready to eat foods (RTE) from Algiers (Algeria). Food Control, 2012; 23(2):397–399; doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.08.006
22.
BudiartoR, UjilestariT, RumhayatiB, et al.Meta-analysis of citrus-derived additives on chicken meat quality and safety: A comprehensive evaluation of acceptability, physicochemical properties, and microbial contamination. Poult Sci, 2024; 103(5):103556; doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103556
23.
BuncicS, NychasG-J, LeeMRF, et al.Microbial pathogen control in the beef chain: Recent research advances. Meat Sci, 2014; 97(3):288–297; doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.04.040
24.
BurnettE, KucerovaZ, FreemanM, et al.Whole-genome sequencing reveals multiple subpopulations of dominant and persistent lineage I isolates of Listeria monocytogenes in two meat processing facilities during 2011-2015. Microorganisms, 2022; 10(5):1070; doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10051070
25.
BurnettJ, WuST, den BakkerHC, et al.Listeria monocytogenes is prevalent in retail produce environments but Salmonella enterica is rare. Food Control, 2020; 113:107173; doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107173
26.
BustamanteF, Maury-SintjagoE, LealFC, et al.Presence of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat Artisanal chilean foods. Microorganisms, 2020; 8(11):1669; doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8111669
27.
Calderón-MirandaML, Barbosa-CánovasGV, SwansonBG. Inactivation of Listeria innocua in skim milk by pulsed electric fields and nisin. Int J Food Microbiol, 1999; 51(1):19–30; doi: 10.1016/s0168-1605(99)00069-0
28.
CanciuA, TertisM, HosuO, et al.Modern analytical techniques for detection of bacteria in surface and wastewaters. Sustainability, 2021; 13(13):7229; doi: 10.3390/su13137229
29.
CarpentierB, CerfO. Review - Persistence of Listeria monocytogenes in food industry equipment and premises. Int J Food Microbiol, 2011; 145(1):1–8; doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.01.005
30.
CavalcantiAAC, LimeiraCH, SiqueiraI, et al.The prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in meat products in Brazil: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Res Vet Sci, 2022; 145:169–176; doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.02.015
31.
CDC. Reference Antimicrobial-Susceptibility-Testing (AST) Data. Volume 2025. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Atlanta, GA; 2024.
32.
ChengY, MousaviZE, PennoneV, et al.Association between the presence of resistance genes and sanitiser resistance of Listeria monocytogenes isolates recovered from different food-processing facilities. Microorganisms, 2023; 11(12):2989; doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11122989
33.
CosgroveM, FlynnA, KielyM. Consumption of red meat, white meat and processed meat in Irish adults in relation to dietary quality. Br J Nutr, 2005; 93(6):933–942; doi: 10.1079/bjn20051427
34.
da SilvaGN, HoltJG. Numerical taxonomy of certain Coryneform bacteria. J Bacteriol, 1965; 90(4):921–927; doi: 10.1128/jb.90.4.921-927.1965
35.
den BakkerHC, WarchockiS, WrightEM, et al.Listeria floridensis sp. nov., Listeria aquatica sp. nov., Listeria cornellensis sp. nov., Listeria riparia sp. nov. and Listeria grandensis sp. nov., from agricultural and natural environments. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 2014; 64(Pt 6):1882–1889; doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.052720-0
36.
DenizA, Ruiz-LlacsahuangaB, CritzerF, et al.Formation and control of Listeria monocytogenes growth and accumulation on food processing surfaces in the fresh produce industry. J Food Prot, 2025; 88(11):100619; doi: 10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100619
37.
DhamaK, KarthikK, TiwariR, et al.Listeriosis in animals, its public health significance (food-borne zoonosis) and advances in diagnosis and control: A comprehensive review. Vet Q, 2015; 35(4):211–235; doi: 10.1080/01652176.2015.1063023
38.
DoijadSP, PoharkarKV, KaleSB, et al.Listeria goaensis sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 2018; 68(10):3285–3291; doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002980
39.
DuJ, WuS, NiuL, et al.A gold nanoparticles-assisted multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157: H7. Anal Methods, 2020; 12(2):212–217; doi: 10.1039/C9AY02282A
40.
EC. Regulation (European Commission) No 2073/2005 on Microbiological Criteria for Foodstuffs. Volume 2024. European Commission: Brussels, Belgium; 2005.
41.
ElbehiryA, AldubaibM, AbalkhailA, et al.How MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry technology contributes to microbial infection control in healthcare settings. Vaccines (Basel), 2022; 10(11):1881; doi: 10.3390/vaccines10111881
42.
ElmaliM, CanHY, YamanH. Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in poultry meat. Food Sci Technol, 2015; 35(4):672–675; doi: 10.1590/1678-457X.6808
43.
ElsayedME, Abd El-HamidMI, El-GedawyA, et al.New insights into Listeria monocytogenes antimicrobial resistance, virulence attributes and their prospective correlation. Antibiotics (Basel), 2022; 11(10):1447; doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11101447
44.
El-ShenawyM, El-ShenawyM, MañesJ, et al.Listeria spp. in street-vended ready-to-eat foods. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis, 2011; 2011(1):968031; doi: 10.1155/2011/968031
45.
EnnajiH, TiminouniM, EnnajiMM, et al.Characterization and antibiotic susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from poultry and red meat in Morocco. Infect Drug Resist, 2008; 1:45–50; doi: 10.2147/idr.s3632
46.
EUCAST. Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters: Version 14.0. Volume 2025. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; 2024.
47.
FagerlundA, LangsrudS, MøretrøT. In-depth longitudinal study of Listeria monocytogenes ST9 isolates from the meat processing industry: Resolving diversity and transmission patterns using whole-genome sequencing. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2020; 86(14):e00579–e520; doi: 10.1128/AEM.00579-20
48.
FallahAA, Saei-DehkordiSS, MahzouniehM. Occurrence and antibiotic resistance profiles of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from seafood products and market and processing environments in Iran. Food Control, 2013; 34(2):630–636; doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.06.015
49.
FDA. Listeria Monocytogenes: Guidance for Industry. Volume 2025. U.S. Food and Drug Administration: Silver Spring, MD; 2022.
50.
FilipelloV, Mughini-GrasL, GallinaS, et al.Attribution of Listeria monocytogenes human infections to food and animal sources in Northern Italy. Food Microbiol, 2020; 89:103433; doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103433
51.
FouladynezhadN, Afsah-HejriL, RukayadiY, et al.Assessing biofilm formation by Listeria monocytogenes. Int Food Res J, 2013; 20(2):987–990.
52.
FreceJ, KosB, SvetecIK, et al.Importance of S-layer proteins in probiotic activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus M92. J Appl Microbiol, 2005; 98(2):285–292; doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02473.x
53.
FreceJ, MarkovK, CvekD, et al.Comparison of conventional and molecular methods for the routine confirmation of Listeria monocytogenes in milk products produced domestically in Croatia. J Dairy Res, 2010; 77(1):112–116; doi: 10.1017/s0022029909990379
54.
GálR, ZapletalD, JakešováP, et al.Proximate chemical composition, amino acids profile and minerals content of meat depending on carcass part, sire genotype and sex of meat rabbits. Animals (Basel), 2022; 12(12):1537; doi: 10.3390/ani12121537
55.
GebretsadikS, KassaT, AlemayehuH, et al.Isolation and characterization of Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria species in foods of animal origin in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. J Infect Public Health, 2011; 4(1):22–29; doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2010.10.002
56.
GetanehA, BerhanuL, GumeB, et al.Occurrences and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Listeria monocytogenes in raw meat samples from abattoir and butcher shops in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia. Heliyon, 2025; 11(4):e42589; doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42589
57.
GhazaliMH, SaleemF, BashirL. Cold plasma and high-pressure processing in sustainable meat preservation: A review. Food Nutr Health, 2025; 2(1):22; doi: 10.1007/s44403-025-00032-1
58.
GilMI, TruchadoP, TudelaJA, et al.Environmental monitoring of three fresh-cut processing facilities reveals harborage sites for Listeria monocytogenes. Food Control, 2024; 155:110093; doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.110093
59.
GombasDE, ChenY, ClaveroRS, et al.Survey of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods. J Food Prot, 2003; 66(4):559–569; doi: 10.4315/0362-028X-66.4.559
60.
GoudarV, KantheshB, PrasadN. Isolation and identification of Listeria monocytogenes in Bangalore city from various food samples. Biomed Pharmacol J, 2021; 14(4):2271–2276; doi: 10.13005/bpj/2327
61.
GouwsPA, LiedemannI. Evaluation of diagnostic PCR for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food products. Food Technol Biotechnol, 2005; 43(2):201–205.
62.
GravesLM, HelselLO, SteigerwaltAG, et al.Listeria marthii sp. nov., isolated from the natural environment, finger lakes national forest. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 2010; 60(Pt 6):1280–1288; doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.014118-0
63.
HadiAJ, MedicineANJ. Isolation and identification of zoonotic importance bacteria from meat, meat products and human in Diyala, Iraq. Plant Arch, 2020; 20(2):8745–8755.
64.
HamadG, HafezEE, SobhySE, et al.Detection of Clostridium botulinum in some Egyptian fish products, Its control in vitro using citrus leaves extracts, and applicability of Citrus limon leaf extract in tuna. Foods, 2023; 12(7):1466; doi: 10.3390/foods12071466
65.
HamidiyanN, Salehi-AbargoueiA, RezaeiZ, et al.The prevalence of Listeria spp. food contamination in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Res Int, 2018; 107:437–450; doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.02.038
66.
HarakehS, SalehI, ZouhairiO, et al.Antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from dairy-based food products. Sci Total Environ, 2009; 407(13):4022–4027; doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.010
67.
HassanHA, AliZI. Assessment of Listeria monocytogenes presence in raw milk samples and certain cheese varieties. Assiut Vet Med J, 2024; 70(183); doi: 10.21608/avmj.2024.305177.1308
68.
HenriC, FélixB, GuillierL, et al.Population genetic structure of Listeria monocytogenes strains as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2016; 82(18):5720–5728; doi: 10.1128/AEM.00583-16
69.
HerediaN, GarcíaS. Animals as sources of food-borne pathogens: A review. Anim Nutr, 2018; 4(3):250–255; doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.04.006
70.
IndrawattanaN, NibaddhasobonT, SookrungN, et al.Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in raw meats marketed in Bangkok and characterization of the isolates by phenotypic and molecular methods. J Health Popul Nutr, 2011; 29(1):26–38; doi: 10.3329/jhpn.v29i1.7565
71.
JadhavS, BhaveM, PalomboEA. Methods used for the detection and subtyping of Listeria monocytogenes. J Microbiol Methods, 2012; 88(3):327–341; doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.01.002
72.
JamaliH, ChaiLC, ThongKL. Detection and isolation of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods with various selective culture media. Food Control, 2013; 32(1):19–24; doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.11.033
73.
JamshidiA, ZeinaliT. Significance and characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes in poultry products. Int J Food Sci, 2019; 2019(1):7835253; doi: 10.1155/2019/7835253
74.
JankovićV, MitrovićR, LakicevicB, et al.Listeria monocytogenes presence during fermentation, drying and storage of Petrovská klobása sausage. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci, 2017; 85:12051; doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/85/1/012051
75.
JonesD, SneathP, WoodbineM. The relations between Listeria and other bacteria. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium of Listeriosis Bilthoven, The Netherlands, 1966, pp. 161–164.
76.
Kaszoni-RückerlI, MustedanagicA, Muri-KlingerS, et al.Predominance of distinct Listeria innocua and Listeria monocytogenes in recurrent contamination events at dairy processing facilities. Microorganisms, 2020; 8(2):234; doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8020234
77.
KhanJA, RathoreRS, KhanS, et al.Role of Listeria monocytogenes in human health: Disadvantages and advantages. In: The Handbook of Microbial Bioresources. GaurVKGGDSMGTR, eds. CABI: Wallingford, UK; 2016, 193–203.
78.
KorsakD, Krawczyk-BalskaA. Identification of the molecular mechanism of trimethoprim resistance in Listeria monocytogenes. Foodborne Pathog Dis, 2017; 14(12):696–700; doi: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2323
79.
KorthalsM, EgeM, LickS, et al.Occurrence of Listeria spp. in mattress dust of farm children in Bavaria. Environ Res, 2008; 107(3):299–304; doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.02.007
80.
KramarenkoT, RoastoM, MeremäeK, et al.Listeria monocytogenes prevalence and serotype diversity in various foods. Food Control, 2013; 30(1):24–29; doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.06.047
81.
KuanCH, GohSG, LooYY, et al.Prevalence and quantification of Listeria monocytogenes in chicken offal at the retail level in Malaysia. Poult Sci, 2013; 92(6):1664–1669; doi: 10.3382/ps.2012-02974
82.
KureljušićJ, RokvićN, JezdimirovićN, et al.Isolation and detection of Listeria monocytogenes in poultry meat by standard culture methods and PCR. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci, 2017; 85:12069; doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/85/1/012069
83.
LadoB, YousefAE. 6 Characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes important to food processors. In: Listeria, Listeriosis and Food Safety. RyserETM, E.H., eds. 3rd edition. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL; 2007, 157–213.
84.
LambertzST, NilssonC, BrådenmarkA, et al.Prevalence and level of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods in Sweden 2010. Int J Food Microbiol, 2012; 160(1):24–31; doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.09.010
85.
Lang HalterE, NeuhausK, SchererS. Listeria weihenstephanensis sp. nov., isolated from the water plant Lemna trisulca taken from a freshwater pond. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 2013; 63(Pt 2):641–647; doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.036830-0
86.
LawJW-F, Ab MutalibN-S, ChanK-G, et al.Rapid methods for the detection of foodborne bacterial pathogens: Principles, applications, advantages and limitations. Front Microbiol, 2014; 5:770; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00770
87.
LeclercqA, ClermontD, BizetC, et al.Listeria rocourtiae sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 2010; 60(Pt 9):2210–2214; doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.017376-0
88.
LeclercqA, MouraA, ValesG, et al.Listeria thailandensis sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 2019; 69(1):74–81; doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003097
89.
LegbaB, DougnonV, ChabiY, et al.Evaluation of in-vivo anti-Salmonella activity of Uvaria chamae, Lantana camara and Phyllantus amarus used in Benin, West Africa. BMC Vet Res, 2020; 16(1):49; doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-2266-1
90.
LeongD, Alvarez-OrdóñezA, JoosteP, et al.Listeria monocytogenes in food: Control by monitoring the food processing environment. Afr J Microbiol Res, 2016; 10(1):1–14; doi: 10.5897/AJMR2015.7832
91.
LinkeK, RückerlI, BruggerK, et al.Reservoirs of Listeria species in three environmental ecosystems. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2014; 80(18):5583–5592; doi: 10.1128/AEM.01018-14
92.
LiuY, ZhuH, DouX, et al.The influence of nutrients on biofilm formation of an ST87 strain of Listeria monocytogenes. LWT, 2024; 191:115658; doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.115658
93.
LomonacoS, NuceraD, FilipelloV. The evolution and epidemiology of Listeria monocytogenes in Europe and the United States. Infect Genet Evol, 2015; 35:172–183; doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.08.008
94.
LourencoA, LinkeK, WagnerM, et al.The saprophytic lifestyle of Listeria monocytogenes and entry into the food-processing environment. Front Microbiol, 2022; 13:789801; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.789801
95.
Luque-SastreL, ArroyoC, FoxEM, et al.Antimicrobial resistance in Listeria species. Microbiol Spectr, 2018; 6(4); doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0031-2017
96.
MaćkiwE, StasiakM, KowalskaJ, et al.Occurrence and characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat meat products in Poland. J Food Prot, 2020; 83(6):1002–1009; doi: 10.4315/jfp-19-525
97.
MadharshaN, VeeramaniV, KannaiyanJ, et al.Isolation and identification of Listeria monocytogenes from fish intestines and phylogenetic analysis. IntJCurrMicrobiolAppSci, 2018; 7(11):1177–1187; doi: 10.20546/ijcmas.2018.711.137
98.
MarkovK, FreceJ, ČvekD, et al.Listeria monocytogenes and other contaminants in fresh cheese and cream from Zagreb city area domestic production. Mljekarstvo, 2009; 59(3):225–231.
99.
MartínB, PerichA, GómezD, et al.Diversity and distribution of Listeria monocytogenes in meat processing plants. Food Microbiol, 2014; 44:119–127; doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.05.014
100.
MassaweHF, MakingiGI, ShijaDS, et al.Prevalence of the Staphylococcal enterotoxins genes in raw and milk products along the value chain in Mbeya and Mbozi Districts, Tanzania. J Nat Sci Res, 2017; 7(18).
101.
MataMT, BaqueroF, Pérez-DíazJC. A multidrug efflux transporter in Listeria monocytogenes. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 2000; 187(2):185–188; doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09158.x
102.
MaterekeLT, OkohAI. Listeria monocytogenes virulence, antimicrobial resistance and environmental persistence: A review. Pathogens, 2020; 9(7):528; doi: 10.3390/pathogens9070528
103.
MatleI, MbathaKR, LentsoaneO, et al.Occurrence, serotypes, and characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes in meat and meat products in South Africa between 2014 and 2016. J Food Saf, 2019; 39(4):e12629; doi: 10.1111/jfs.12629
104.
MatleI, MbathaKR, MadorobaE. A review of Listeria monocytogenes from meat and meat products: Epidemiology, virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance and diagnosis. Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 2020; 87(1):e1–e20; doi: 10.4102/ojvr.v87i1.1869
105.
MeshrefA, ZeinhomM, Abdel-AttyNS. Occurrence and distribution of Listeria species in some Egyptian foods. AJVS, 2015; 46(1):42–47; doi: 10.5455/ajvs.187647
106.
Meza-BoneGA, Meza BoneJS, CedeñoÁ, et al.Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in RTE Meat Products of Quevedo (Ecuador). Foods, 2023; 12(15):2956; doi: 10.3390/foods12152956
107.
MicheletC, AvrilJ, CartierF, et al.Inhibition of intracellular growth of Listeria monocytogenes by antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1994; 38(3):438–446; doi: 10.1128/AAC.38.3.438
108.
MieA, AndersenHR, GunnarssonS, et al.Human health implications of organic food and organic agriculture: A comprehensive review. Environ Health, 2017; 16(1):111; doi: 10.1186/s12940-017-0315-4
109.
MohammadH, Al-FarwachiM, Al-ShakarjiB. First detection of Listeria ivanovii in aborted sheep fetuses in the Iraqi Nineveh Governorate. Egyp J Vet Sci, 2024; 55(3):625–632; doi: 10.21608/EJVS.2023.236083.1612
110.
MorvanA, MoubareckC, LeclercqA, et al.Antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from humans in France. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2010; 54(6):2728–2731; doi: 10.1128/AAC.01557-09
111.
MouraA, LeclercqA, ValesG, et al.Phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes: An observational study in France. Lancet Reg Health Eur, 2024; 37:100800; doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100800
112.
MpunduP, MumaJB, MukubesaAN, et al.Antibiotic resistance patterns of Listeria species isolated from broiler abattoirs in Lusaka, Zambia. Antibiotics (Basel), 2022; 11(5):591; doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11050591
113.
MpunduP. Public Health Importance and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Listeria Species in Food and Food Processing Environments in Selected Districts of Zambia. The University of Zambia; 2023.
114.
MustafaA, Al-NazalAI. Isolation and diagnosis of Listeria monocytogenes from some types of frozen meat. 2019.
115.
NayakDN, SavaliaCV, KalyaniIH, et al.Isolation, identification, and characterization of Listeria spp. from various animal origin foods. Vet World, 2015; 8(6):695–701; doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.695-701
116.
NollM, KletaS, Al DahoukS. Antibiotic susceptibility of 259 Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from food, food-processing plants and human samples in Germany. J Infect Public Health, 2018; 11(4):572–577; doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2017.12.007
117.
NørrungB, BuncicS. Microbial safety of meat in the European Union. Meat Sci, 2008; 78(1–2):14–24; doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.07.032
118.
Núñez-MonteroK, LeclercqA, MouraA, et al.Listeria costaricensis sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 2018; 68(3):844–850; doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002596
119.
NwaiwuO. What are the recognized species of the genus Listeria? Access Microbiol, 2020; 2(9):acmi000153; doi: 10.1099/acmi.0.000153
120.
O’ConnorL, O’LearyM, LeonardN, et al.The characterization of Listeria spp. isolated from food products and the food‐processing environment. Lett Appl Microbiol, 2010; 51(5):490–498; doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2010.02928.x
121.
ObiL, MorobeI, NyilaMA, et al.Molecular characterization and serotyping of Listeria monocytogenes with a focus on food safety and disease prevention. In: Biochemical Testing.Jimenez-LopezJC, eds. IntechOpen: Rijeka; 2012.
122.
OravcováK, TrncíkováT, KuchtaT, et al.Limitation in the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food in the presence of competing Listeria innocua. J Appl Microbiol, 2008; 104(2):429–437; doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03554.x
123.
OrsiRH, WiedmannM. Characteristics and distribution of Listeria spp., including Listeria species newly described since 2009. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2016; 100(12):5273–5287; doi: 10.1007/s00253-016-7552-2
124.
OsekJ, LachtaraB, WieczorekK. Listeria monocytogenes in foods-from culture identification to whole‐genome characteristics. Food Sci Nutr, 2022; 10(9):2825–2854; doi: 10.1002/fsn3.2910
125.
PainterJ, SlutskerL. Listeriosis in Humans. Food Science and Technology-New York-Marcel Dekker; 2007; 161:85.
126.
PanebiancoF, RubiolaS, ButtieriC, et al.Understanding the effect of ozone on Listeria monocytogenes and resident microbiota of Gorgonzola cheese surface: A Culturomic approach. Foods, 2022; 11(17):2640; doi: 10.3390/foods11172640
127.
ParkJ, HanS, ShinS. Comparison of growth performance of the BacT/ALERT VIRTUO and BACTEC FX blood culture systems under simulated bloodstream infection conditions. Clin Lab, 2017; 63(1):39–46; doi: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2016.160502
128.
Parra-FloresJ, HolýO, BustamanteF, et al.Virulence and antibiotic resistance genes in Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from ready-to-eat foods in Chile. Front Microbiol, 2021; 12:796040; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.796040
129.
PaulM. Monitoring and analytics of Listeria monocytogenes: Key facts for authorities, food manufacturers, and retailers. J Consum Prot Food Saf, 2020; 15(1):1–3; doi: 10.1007/s00003-020-01273-2
130.
PeriAM, StewartA, HumeA, et al.New microbiological techniques for the diagnosis of bacterial infections and sepsis in ICU including point of care. Curr Infect Dis Rep, 2021; 23(8):12; doi: 10.1007/s11908-021-00755-0
131.
PleadinJ, LešićT, VujačićV, et al.Comparison of chemical composition and fatty acid profile of traditional meat products from Croatia and Montenegro. J Food Qual, 2021; 2021:1–10; doi: 10.1155/2021/5586436
132.
RajalingamN, Van HauteS. Adaptive tolerance of Listeria monocytogenes to chemical oxidants: Comparative analysis of transcriptomic studies. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf, 2025; 24(5):e70260; doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.70260
133.
RapeanuG, ParfeneGHV, PolcovnicuC, et al.Confirmation and identification of Listeria species from fresh lettuce. Periodico di Mineralogia, 2017; 86(6):32–36.
134.
RavindhiranR, SivarajanK, SekarJN, et al.Listeria monocytogenes an emerging pathogen: A comprehensive overview on listeriosis, virulence determinants, detection, and anti-listerial interventions. Microb Ecol, 2023; 86(4):2231–2251; doi: 10.1007/s00248-023-02269-9
135.
RibeiroAC, AlmeidaF, MedeirosMM, et al.Listeria monocytogenes: An inconvenient hurdle for the dairy industry. Dairy, 2023; 4(2):316–344; doi: 10.3390/dairy4020022
136.
RicciA, LazziC, BerniniV. Natural antimicrobials: A reservoir to contrast Listeria monocytogenes. Microorganisms, 2023; 11(10):2568; doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11102568
137.
Rincón-GamboaSM, Poutou-PiñalesRA, Carrascal-CamachoAK. Distribution of Listeria spp., and Listeria monocytogenes in micro- and small-scale meat product processing plants. Heliyon, 2024; 10(7):e28662; doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28662
138.
RodriguesCS, SáC, MeloC. An overview of Listeria monocytogenes contamination in ready to eat meat, dairy and fishery foods. Cienc Rural, 2017; 47(2):e20160721; doi: 10.1590/0103-8478cr20160721
139.
RohillaA, KumarV, AhireJ. Unveiling the persistent threat: Recent insights into Listeria monocytogenes adaptation, biofilm formation, and pathogenicity in foodborne infections. J Food Sci Technol, 2024; 61(8):1428–1438; doi: 10.1007/s13197-023-05918-6
140.
RomãoB, BotelhoRBA, TorresML, et al.Nutritional profile of commercialized plant-based meat: An integrative review with a systematic approach. Foods, 2023; 12(3):448; doi: 10.3390/foods12030448
141.
RossiF, GiacconeV, ColavitaG, et al.Virulence characteristics and distribution of the pathogen Listeria ivanovii in the environment and in food. Microorganisms, 2022; 10(8):1679; doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10081679
142.
SafwaSM, AhmedT, TalukderS, et al.Applications of non-thermal technologies in food processing Industries-a review. J Agric Food Res, 2024; 18:100917; doi: 10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100917
143.
Sainz-GarcíaE, Alba-ElíasF. Advances in the application of cold plasma technology in foods. Foods, 2023; 12(7):1388; doi: 10.3390/foods12071388
144.
SalaC, MorarA, TîrziuE, et al.Environmental occurrence and antibiotic susceptibility profile of Listeria monocytogenes at a slaughterhouse raw processing plant in Romania. J Food Prot, 2016; 79(10):1794–1797; doi: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-052
145.
SalasC, CalvoJ, Martínez-MartínezL. Activity of tigecycline against coryneform bacteria of clinical interest and Listeria monocytogenes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2008; 52(4):1503–1505; doi: 10.1128/AAC.01129-07
146.
SantorumP, GarciaRV, LópezV, et al.Review. Dairy farm management and production practices associated with the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk and beef. Span j agric res, 2012; 10(2):360–371; doi: 10.5424/sjar/2012102-314-11
147.
SasakawaC., eds. Molecular Mechanisms of Bacterial Infection via the Gut. Springer Science & Business Media: Berlin, Heidelberg; 2009.
148.
SaudersBD, OverdevestJ, FortesE, et al.Diversity of Listeria species in urban and natural environments. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2012; 78(12):4420–4433; doi: 10.1128/AEM.00282-12
149.
SaudersBD, SanchezMD, RiceDH, et al.Prevalence and molecular diversity of Listeria monocytogenes in retail establishments. J Food Prot, 2009; 72(11):2337–2349; doi: 10.4315/0362-028X-72.11.2337
150.
SawaleP, PatilP, SinghA, et al.Non-thermal techniques for microbiological safety, nutritional preservation, and enhanced efficiency in dairy processing. FFS, 2024; 4(5):180–203; doi: 10.31989/ffs.v4i5.1326
151.
ShamlooE, HosseiniH, Abdi MoghadamZ, et al.Importance of Listeria monocytogenes in food safety: A review of its prevalence, detection, and antibiotic resistance. Iran J Vet Res, 2019; 20(4):241–254.
152.
SharmaRK, JalalpureSS, PathakS, et al.Molecular detection of Listeria monocytogenes from different dairy and street food sources in North Karnataka, India. J Infect Public Health, 2024; 17(4):696–703; doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2024.02.014
153.
ShehataMG, Abd El-AzizNM, MehanyT, et al.Taro leaves extract and probiotic lactic acid bacteria: A synergistic approach to improve antioxidant capacity and bioaccessibility in fermented milk beverages. LWT, 2023; 187:115280; doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.115280
154.
SmithCL, GonzalezSV, MetcalfJL, et al.Differences in spoilage microflora growth kinetics could be contributing to beef muscle-specific color stability. Meat Muscle Biol, 2024; 8(1):16915, 16911–16914; doi: 10.22175/mmb.16915
155.
SneathP, CowanS. An electro-taxonomic survey of bacteria. J Gen Microbiol, 1958; 19(3):551–565; doi: 10.1099/00221287-19-3-551
156.
SofosJN, GeornarasI. Overview of current meat hygiene and safety risks and summary of recent studies on biofilms, and control of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in nonintact, and Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat, meat products. Meat Sci, 2010; 86(1):2–14; doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.04.015
157.
SongC, WangB, WangY, et al.Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food using the Proofman-LMTIA assay. Molecules, 2023; 28(14):5457; doi: 10.3390/molecules28145457
158.
StuartSE, WelshimerHJ. Taxonomic reexamination of Listeria Pirie and transfer of Listeria grayi and Listeria murrayi to a New Genus, Murraya. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 1974; 24(2):177–185; doi: 10.1099/00207713-24-2-177
159.
SunL, Van LoeyA, BuvéC, et al.Experimental evolution reveals a novel ene reductase that detoxifies α, β-unsaturated aldehydes in Listeria monocytogenes. Microbiol Spectr, 2023; 11(3):e04877–e4822; doi: 10.1128/spectrum.04877-22
160.
SzymczakB, SzymczakM, SawickiW, et al.Anthropogenic impact on the presence of L. monocytogenes in soil, fruits, and vegetables. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 2014; 59(1):23–29; doi: 10.1007/s12223-013-0260-8
161.
TahaA, MehanyT, PandiselvamR, et al.Sonoprocessing: Mechanisms and recent applications of power ultrasound in food. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2024; 64(17):6016–6054; doi: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2161464
162.
TammaPD, HeilEL, JustoJA, et al.Infectious diseases society of America 2024 guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative infections. Clin Infect Dis, 2024:ciae403; doi: 10.1093/cid/ciae403
163.
TanSM, De KockHL, DykesGA, et al.Enhancement of poultry meat: Trends, nutritional profile, legislation and challenges. SA J An Sci, 2018; 48(2):199–212; doi: 10.4314/sajas.v48i2.1
164.
Thi LeH, VuHT, TranNTH, et al.Ultrasensitive and rapid fluorescence immunoassay for Listeria monocytogenes detection using size-compatible magnetic beads and core-shell quantum dots. J Sci: Adv Mater Dev, 2025; 10(3):100936; doi: 10.1016/j.jsamd.2025.100936
165.
TirloniE, CentorotolaG, PomilioF, et al.Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat (RTE) delicatessen foods: Prevalence, genomic characterization of isolates and growth potential. Int J Food Microbiol, 2024; 410:110515; doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110515
166.
TopluMS, TuncerBÖ. Evaluation of the functional properties and safety of enterocin-producing Enterococcus faecium BT29. 11 isolated from Turkish Beyaz cheese and its inhibitory activity against Listeria monocytogenes in UHT whole milk. Ital J Food Sci, 2023; 35(2):54–70; doi: 10.15586/ijfs.v35i2.2316
167.
TroxlerR, von GraevenitzA, FunkeG, et al.Natural antibiotic susceptibility of Listeria species: L. grayi, L. innocua, L. ivanovii, L. monocytogenes, L. seeligeri and L. welshimeri strains. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2000; 6(10):525–535; doi: 10.1046/j.1469-0691.2000.00168.x
168.
VerraesC, Van BoxstaelS, Van MeervenneE, et al.Antimicrobial resistance in the food chain: A review. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2013; 10(7):2643–2669; doi: 10.3390/ijerph10072643
169.
VitasAI, Garcia-JalonVA. Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in fresh and processed foods in Navarra (Spain). Int J Food Microbiol, 2004; 90(3):349–356; doi: 10.1016/s0168-1605(03)00314-3
170.
VrioniG, TsiamisC, OikonomidisG, et al.MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry technology for detecting biomarkers of antimicrobial resistance: Current achievements and future perspectives. Ann Transl Med, 2018; 6(12):240; doi: 10.21037/atm.2018.06.28
171.
WangL, ZhaoP, SiX, et al.Rapid and specific detection of Listeria monocytogenes with an isothermal amplification and lateral flow strip combined method that eliminates false-positive signals from primer-dimers. Front Microbiol, 2019; 10:2959; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02959
172.
WangX-X, ChenX, ZhouZ-K. Digestive and metabolic characteristics of dietary meat proteins: Meat source and thermal processing matter. Food Rev Int, 2024; 40(9):3020–3035; doi: 10.1080/87559129.2024.2325693
173.
WellerD, AndrusA, WiedmannM, et al.Listeria booriae sp. nov. and Listeria newyorkensis sp. nov., from food processing environments in the USA. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 2015; 65(Pt 1):286–292; doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.070839-0
174.
WHO. Estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases: Foodborne disease burden epidemiology reference group 2007–2015. WHO: Geneva; 2015.
175.
WilsonA, GrayJ, ChandryPS, et al.Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of antimicrobial resistance among Listeria monocytogenes isolated from Australian food production chains. Genes (Basel), 2018; 9(2):80; doi: 10.3390/genes9020080
176.
WuZ, XuM, HeW, et al.Unraveling the physicochemical properties and bacterial communities in rabbit meat during chilled storage. Foods, 2024; 13(4):623; doi: 10.3390/foods13040623
177.
YongS-S, LeeJ-I, KangD-H. Identifying a novel Listeria innocua subgroup and enhancing Listeria detection in grain: A duplex real-time PCR approach informed by comparative genomic analysis. LWT, 2024; 199:116108; doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2024.116108
178.
YordanovaR, AndonovaA. Rapid methods for detection of foodborne pathogens and their toxins - a review of current trends and future perspectives. J IMAB, 2024; 30(2):5587–5592; doi: 10.5272/jimab.2024302.5587
179.
ZakariaAI, SabalaRF. Potential public health hazards related to consumption of poultry contaminated with antibiotic resistant Listeria monocytogenes in Egypt. BMC Microbiol, 2024; 24(1):41; doi: 10.1186/s12866-024-03183-x
180.
ZeinaliT, JamshidiA, BassamiM, et al.Isolation and identification of Listeria spp. in chicken carcasses marketed in northeast of Iran. Int Food Res J, 2017; 24(2):881–887.
181.
ZhangH, QueF, XuB, et al.Identification of Listeria monocytogenes contamination in a ready-to-eat meat processing plant in China. Front Microbiol, 2021a;12:628204; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.628204
182.
ZhangH, WangJ, ChangZ, et al.Listeria monocytogenes contamination characteristics in two ready-to-eat meat plants from 2019 to 2020 in Shanghai. Front Microbiol, 2021b;12:729114; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.729114
183.
ZhangJ, MaC, DuY, et al.Microfluidic biosensors for rapid detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria: Recent advances and future perspectives. Front Chem, 2025; 13:1536928; doi: 10.3389/fchem.2025.1536928
184.
ZhangP, JiL, WuX, et al.Prevalence, genotypic characteristics, and antibiotic resistance of Listeria monocytogenes from retail foods in Huzhou, China. J Food Prot, 2024a;87(7):100307; doi: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100307
185.
ZhangY, ZhuC, DuB, et al.Preservative effect of chitosan-gelatine composite incorporated with pomegranate peel polyphenol on fresh meat. IFRJ, 2024b;31(1):239–252; doi: 10.47836/ifrj.31.1.21
186.
ZhuQ, GooneratneR, HussainMA. Listeria monocytogenes in fresh produce: Outbreaks, prevalence and contamination levels. Foods, 2017; 6(3):21; doi: 10.3390/foods6030021
187.
ZuernerRL. Leptospira. In: Bergey’s Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. TrujilloME, DedyshS, DeVosP, et al. eds. Wiley; 2015, 1–19.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
