Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a therapeutic process originally designed for the treatment of traumatic stress. A number of methodologically sound studies have shown EMDR to be effective in the treatment of PTSD. These randomized controlled studies found EMDR superior to active listening, standard Kaiser care, and biofeedback relaxation therapy. Studies which compared EMDR to exposure have had mixed results. These studies are examined, and the controversy surrounding the limitations and implications is discussed. Critics argue that treatment effects result from nonspecific factors, and from cognitive behavioral (CBT) and exposure components. EMDR advocates contend that it is the entire EMDR package which is effective, and submit that the EMDR process utilizes cognitive behavioral and exposure components in a unique application, and combines them with a dual focus component, making EMDR distinctly different from CBT.
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