Traumatic stress stems from a threat to an individual’s or a group’s very existence. The impact of the existential threat may be compounded by an inability to cope, which affects the perception of helplessness and loss of lawfulness.
The traumatic process has three stages: Alert, Impact, and Post-Trauma. The common elements in the treatment of all stages of traumatic stress are the need to control and expand life and to achieve lawfulness and meaningfulness. In the preferred model of treatment, there are essential differences at each of the stages of the traumatic process: 1) primary prevention at the stage of alert focuses on planning strategies for coping, 2) secondary prevention at the stage of impact derives from Salmon’s Forward Treatment and S.L.A. Marshall’s Debriefing; 3) tertiary treatment at the post-trauma stage attends to coping with internal chaos and arbitrariness.
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