Naturopathic Approaches

Abstract

References

Petro A , Schwartz J , Johnson T . Current melanoma staging. Clin Dermatol. 2004;22:223-227.

Kaaks R . Related nutrition, insulin, IGF-1 metabolism and cancer risk: a summary of epidemiological evidence. Novartis Found Symp. 2004;262:247-260.

Seely S , Horrobin DF . Diet and breast cancer: the possible connection with sugar consumption. Med Hypotheses. 1983;11:319-327.

Favero A , Parpinel M , Franceschi S . Diet and risk of breast cancer: major findings from an Italian case-control study. Biomed Pharmacother. 1998;52:109-115.

La Vecchia C , Franceschi S , Dolara P , et al. Refined-sugar intake and the risk of colorectal cancer in humans. Int J Cancer. 1993;55:386-389.

Jee SH , Ohrr H , Sull JW , Yun JE , Ji M , Samet JM . Fasting serum glucose level and cancer risk in Korean men and women. JAMA. 2005;293:194-202.

Reinhold D , Ansorge S , Schleicher ED . Elevated glucose levels stimulate transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), suppress interleukin IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10 production andDNAsynthesis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Horm Metab Res. 1996;28:267-270.

Veierod MB , Thelle DS , Laake P . Diet and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma: a prospective study of 50,757 Norwegian men and women. Int J Cancer. 1997;71:600-604.

Mackie BS , Mackie LE , Curtin LD , Bourne DJ . Melanoma and dietary lipids. Nutr Cancer. 1987;9:219-226.

10.

Holborow PL . Melanoma patients consume more polyunsaturated fat than people without melanoma. N Z Med J. 1991;104:502-502.

11.

Kirkpatrick CS , White E , Lee JA . Case-control study of malignant melanoma in Washington State: II. Diet, alcohol, and obesity. Am J Epidemiol. 1994;139:869-880.

12.

Bain C , Green A , Siskind V , Alexander J , Harvey P . Diet and melanoma: an exploratory case-control study. Ann Epidemiol. 1993;3:235-238.

13.

Erickson KL . Dietary fat influences on murine melanoma growth and lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1984;72:115-120.

14.

Nihal M , Ahmad N , Mukhtar H , Wood GS . Anti-proliferative and proapoptotic effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on human melanoma: possible implications for the chemoprevention of melanoma. Int J Cancer. 2005;114:513-521.

15.

Liu JD , Chen SH , Lin CL , Tsai SH , Liang YC . Inhibition of melanoma growth and metastasis by combination with (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate and dacarbazine in mice. J Cell Biochem. 2001;83:631-642.

16.

Suzuki Y , Isemura M . Inhibitory effect of epigallocatechin gallate on adhesion of murine melanoma cells to laminin. Cancer Lett. 2001;173:15-20.

17.

Valcic S , Timmermann BN , Alberts DS , et al. Inhibitory effect of six green tea catechins and caffeine on the growth of four selected human tumor cell lines. Anticancer Drugs. 1996;7:461-468.

18.

Ogata K , Mukae N , Suzuki Y , et al. Effects of catechins on the mouse tumor cell adhesion to fibronectin. Planta Med. 1995;61:472-474.

19.

Taniguchi S , Fujiki H , Kobayashi H , et al. Effect of (-)epigallocatechin gallate, the main constituent of green tea, on lung metastasis with mouse B16 melanoma cell lines. Cancer Lett. 1992;65:51-54.

20.

Brooks JD , Ward WE , Lewis JE , et al. Supplementation with flaxseed alters estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women to a greater extent than does supplementation with an equal amount of soy. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:318-325.

21.

Wang C , Makela T , Hase T , et al. Lignans and flavonoids inhibit aromatase enzyme in human preadipocytes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1994;50:205-212.

22.

Dabrosin C , Chen J , Wang L , et al. Flaxseed inhibits metastasis and decreases extracellular vascular endothelial growth factor inhuman breast cancer xenografts. CancerLett. 2002;185:31-37.

23.

Hirano T , Fukuoka K , Oka K , et al. Antiproliferative activity of mammalian lignan derivatives against the human breast carcinoma cell line, ZR-75-1. Cancer Invest. 1990;8:595-602.

24.

Li D , Yee JA , Thompson LU , Yan L . Dietary supplementation with secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG) reduces experimental metastasis of melanoma cells in mice. Cancer Lett. 1999;142:91-96.

25.

Yan L , Yee JA , Li D , McGuire MH , Thompson LU . Dietary flaxseed supplementation and experimental metastasis of melanoma cells in mice. Cancer Lett. 1998;124:181-186.

26.

Naldi L , Gallus S , Tavani A , et al. Risk of melanoma and vitamin A, coffee and alcohol: a case-control study from Italy. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2004;13:503-508.

27.

Westerdahl J , Olsson H , Masback A , et al. Risk of malignant melanoma in relation to drug intake, alcohol, smoking and hormonal factors. Br J Cancer. 1996;73:1126-1131.

28.

Kirkpatrick CS , White E , Lee JA . Case-control study of malignant melanoma in Washington State: II. Diet, alcohol, and obesity. Am J Epidemiol. 1994;139:869-880.

29.

Osterlind A . Malignant melanoma in Denmark: occurrence and risk factors. Acta Oncol. 1990;29:833-854.

30.

Millen AE , Tucker MA , Hartge P , et al. Diet and melanoma in a case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004;13:1042-1051.

31.

Bain C , Green A , Siskind V , Alexander J , et al. Diet and melanoma: an exploratory case-control study. Ann Epidemiol. 1993; 3:235-238.

32.

Stryker WS , Stampfer MJ , Stein EA , et al. Diet, plasma levels of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol, and risk of malignant melanoma. Am J Epidemiol. 1990;131:597-611.

33.

Freedman DM , Sigurdson A , Doody MM , et al. Risk of melanoma in relation to smoking, alcohol intake, and other factors in a large occupational cohort. Cancer Causes Control. 2003;14:847-857.

34.

Wu WJ , Pruett SB . Ethanol decreases host resistance to pulmonary metastases in a mouse model: role of natural killer cells and the ethanol-induced stress response. Int J Cancer. 1999; 82:886-892.

35.

Blank SE , Meadows GG . Ethanol modulates metastatic potential of B16BL6 melanoma and host responses. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1996;20:624-628.

36.

Gallucci RM , Meadows GG . Ethanol consumption reduces the cytolytic activity of lymphokine-activated killer cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1995;19:402-409.

37.

Samanic C , Gridley G , Chow WH , et al. Obesity and cancer risk among white and black United States veterans. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15:35-43.

38.

Kirkpatrick CS , White E , Lee JA . Case-control study of malignant melanoma in Washington State: II. Diet, alcohol, and obesity. Am J Epidemiol. 1994;139:869-880.

39.

Smith MA , Fine JA , Barnhill RL , et al. Hormonal and reproductive influences and risk of melanoma in women. Int J Epidemiol. 1998;27:751-757.

40.

Shannon RL , Strayer DS . Arsenic-induced skin toxicity. Hum Toxicol. 1989;8:99-104.

41.

Waalkes MP , Liu J , Ward JM , et al. Animal models for arsenic carcinogenesis: inorganic arsenic is a transplacental carcinogen in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2004;198:377-384.

42.

Silbergeld EK . Facilitative mechanisms of lead as a carcinogen. Mutat Res. 2003;533:121-133.

43.

Furst A . Mechanism of action of nickel as a carcinogen: needed information. IARC Sci Publ. 1984;53:245-252.

44.

Shaham J , Meltzer A , Ashkenazi R , et al. Biological monitoring of exposure to cadmium, a human carcinogen, as a result of active and passive smoking. J Occup Environ Med. 1996;38:1220-1228.

45.

Philipp R , Hughes AO , Robertson C . The pathogenesis of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1984;288:237-237.

46.

Soucy NV , Ihnat MA , Kamat CD , et al. Arsenic stimulates angiogenesis and tumorigenesis in vivo. Toxicol Sci. 2003; 76:271-279.

47.

Haga A , Nagase H , Kito H , et al. Enhanced invasiveness of tumour cells after host exposure to heavy metals. Eur J Cancer. 1996;32A:2342-2347.

48.

Smialowicz RJ , Rogers RR , Riddle MM , et al. Immunologic effects of nickel: II. Suppression of natural killer cell activity. Environ Res. 1985;36:56-66.

49.

Albert DM , Gonder JR , Papale J , et al. Induction of ocular neoplasms in Fischer rats by intraocular injection of nickel subsulfide. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1982;22:768-782.

50.

Kadekaro AL , Andrade LN , Floeter-Winter LM , et al. MT-1 melatonin receptor expression increases the antiproliferative effect of melatonin on S-91 murine melanoma cells. J Pineal Res. 2004;36:204-211.

51.

Yerneni LK , Jayaraman S . Pharmacological action of high doses of melatonin on B16 murine melanoma cells depends on cell number at time of exposure. Melanoma Res. 2003;13: 113-117.

52.

Cos S , Garcia-Bolado A , Sanchez-Barcelo EJ . Direct antiproliferative effects of melatonin on two metastatic cell sublines of mouse melanoma (B16BL6 and PG19). Melanoma Res. 2001;11:197-201.

53.

Sze SF , Ng TB , Liu WK . Antiproliferative effect of pineal indoles on cultured tumor cell lines. J Pineal Res. 1993;14:27-33.

54.

Narita T , Kudo H . Effect of melatonin on B16 melanoma growth in athymic mice. Cancer Res. 1985;45:4175-4177.

55.

El-Domeiri AA , Das Gupta TK . The influence of pineal ablation and administration of melatonin on growth and spread of hamster melanoma. J Surg Oncol. 1976;8:197-205.

56.

Grinevich YA , Labunetz IF . Melatonin, thymic serum factor, and cortisol levels in healthy subjects of different age and patients with skin melanoma. J Pineal Res. 1986;3:263-275.

57.

Lissoni P , Vaghi M , Ardizzoia A , et al. A phase II study of chemoneuroimmunotherapy with platinum, subcutaneous low-dose interleukin-2 and the pineal neurohormone melatonin (P.I.M.) as a second-line therapy in metastatic melanoma patients progressing on dacarbazine plus interferonalpha. In Vivo. 2002;16:93-96.

58.

Gonzalez R , Sanchez A , Ferguson JA , et al. Melatonin therapy of advanced human malignant melanoma. Melanoma Res. 1991;1:237-243.

59.

Lissoni P , Brivio O , Brivio F , et al. Adjuvant therapy with the pineal hormone melatonin in patients with lymph node relapse due to malignant melanoma. J Pineal Res. 1996;21:239-242.

60.

Kleeberg UR , Suciu S , Brocker EB , et al. Final results of the EORTC 18871/DKG 80-1 randomised phase III trial: rIFNalpha2b versus rIFN-gamma versus ISCADOR M versus observation after surgery in melanoma patients with either high-risk primary (thickness <3mm) or regional lymph node metastasis. Eur J Cancer. 2004;40:390-402.

61.

Augustin M , Bock PR , Hanisch J , et al. Safety and efficacy of the long-term adjuvant treatment of primary intermediate-to high-risk malignant melanoma (UICC/AJCC stage II and III) with a standardized fermented European mistletoe (Viscum albumL.) extract: results from a multicenter, comparative, epidemiological cohort study in Germany and Switzerland. Arzneimittelforschung. 2005;55(1):38-49.

62.

Fukuzawa K , Kogure K , Morita M , Hama S , Manabe S , Tokumura A . Enhancement of nitric oxide and superoxide generations by alpha-tocopheryl succinate and its apoptotic and anticancer effects. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2004;69(1):50-57.

63.

Malafa MP , Fokum FD , Smith L , Louis A . Inhibition of angiogenesis and promotion of melanoma dormancy by vitamin E succinate. Ann Surg Oncol. 2002;9:1023-1032.

64.

Malafa MP , Fokum FD , Mowlavi A , Abusief M , King M . Vitamin Einhibits melanoma growth in mice. Surgery. 2002;131:85-91.

65.

Ottino P , Duncan JR . Prostaglandin levels in BL6 melanoma cells cultured in vitro: the effect of vitamin E succinate supplementation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1997;56:451-455.

66.

Ottino P , Duncan JR . Effect of alpha-tocopherol succinate on free radical and lipid peroxidation levels in BL6 melanoma cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 1997;22:1145-1151.

67.

Schwartz J , Shklar G . The selective cytotoxic effect of carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol on human cancer cell lines in vitro. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1992;50:367-373.

68.

Prasad KN , Edwards-Prasad J . Effects of tocopherol (vitamin E) acid succinate on morphological alterations and growth inhibition in melanoma cells in culture. Cancer Res. 1982;42:550-555.

69.

Redman C , Scott JA , Baines AT , et al. Inhibitory effect of selenomethionine on the growth of three selected human tumor cell lines. Cancer Lett. 1998;125:103-110.

70.

Li D , Graef GL , Yee JA , et al. Dietary supplementation with high-selenium soy protein reduces pulmonary metastasis of melanoma cells in mice. J Nutr. 2004;134:1536-1540.

71.

Yan L , Yee JA , Li D , et al. Dietary supplementation of selenomethionine reduces metastasis of melanoma cells in mice. Anticancer Res. 1999;19:1337-1342.

72.

Yan L , Yee JA , McGuire MH , et al. Effect of dietary supplementation of selenite on pulmonary metastasis of melanoma cells in mice. Nutr Cancer. 1997;28:165-169.

73.

Hanada K , Satoh S , Sawamura D , et al. The inhibitory effect of selenium on mice inoculated with B16 melanoma cells. J Dermatol. 1986;13:19-23.

74.

Deffuant C , Celerier P , Boiteau HL , et al. Serum selenium in melanoma and epidermotropic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Acta Derm Venereol. 1994;74(2):90-92.

75.

Reinhold U , Biltz H , Bayer W , et al. Serum selenium levels in patients with malignant melanoma. Acta Derm Venereol. 1989;69:132-136.

76.

Millen AE , Tucker MA , Hartge P , et al. Diet and melanoma in a case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004;13:1042-1051.

77.

Reichrath J , Rech M , Moeini M , et al. Modulation of vitamin Dinduced growth inhibition in melanoma cell lines: implications for an important function of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase (24-OHase) expression, histonedeacetylation, and calpain activity. Exp Dermatol. 2005;14:154-154.

78.

Seifert M , Rech M , Meineke V , et al. Differential biological effects of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 on melanoma cell lines in vitro. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004;89-90(1-5):375-379.

79.

Gruber BM , Anuszewska EL . Influence of vitamin D3 metabolites on cell proliferation and cytotoxicity of adriamycin in human normal and neoplastic cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 2002;16:663-667.

80.

Evans SR , Houghton AM , Schumaker L , et al. VitaminDreceptor and growth inhibition by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human malignant melanoma cell lines. J Surg Res. 1996;61:127-133.

81.

Colston K , Colston MJ , Feldman D . 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and malignant melanoma: the presence of receptors and inhibition of cell growth in culture. Endocrinology. 1981;108:1083-1086.

82.

Frampton RJ , Omond SA , Eisman JA . Inhibition of human cancer cell growth by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 metabolites. Cancer Res. 1983;43:4443-4447.

83.

Yudoh K , Matsuno H , Kimura T . 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits in vitro invasiveness through the extracellular matrix and in vivo pulmonary metastasis of B16 mouse melanoma. J Lab Clin Med. 1999;133:120-128.

84.

Eisman JA , Barkla DH , Tutton PJ . Suppression of in vivo growth of human cancer solid tumor xenografts by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Cancer Res. 1987;47:21-25.

85.

Vieth R . Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:842-856.

86.

Guo TL , McCay JA , Zhang LX , et al. Genistein modulates immune responses and increases host resistance to B16F10 tumor in adult female B6C3F1 mice. J Nutr. 2001;131:3251-3258.

87.

Record IR , Broadbent JL , King RA , et al. Genistein inhibits growth of B16 melanoma cells in vivo and in vitro and promotes differentiation in vitro. Int J Cancer. 1997;72:860-864.

88.

Yan CH , Chen XG , Li Y , Han R . Effects of genistein, a soybeanderived isoflavone, on proliferation and differentiation of B16-BL6 mouse melanoma cells. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 1999;1:285-299.

89.

Li D , Yee JA , McGuire MH , et al. Soybean isoflavones reduce experimental metastasis in mice. J Nutr. 1999;129:1075-1078.

90.

Yan C , Han R . Suppression of adhesion-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation decreases invasive and metastatic potentials of B16-BL6 melanoma cells by protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. Invasion Metastasis. 1997;17:189-198.

91.

Menon LG , Kuttan R , Nair MG , Chang YC , Kuttan G . Effect of isoflavones genistein and daidzein in the inhibition of lung metastasis in mice induced by B16F-10 melanoma cells. Nutr Cancer. 1998;30:74-77.

92.

Hartmann RR , Rimoldi D , Lejeune FJ , Carrel S . Cell differentiation and cell-cycle alterations by tyrosine kinase inhibitors in human melanoma cells. Melanoma Res. 1997;7(suppl 2):S27-S33.

93.

Constantinou A , Huberman E . Genistein as an inducer of tumor cell differentiation: possible mechanisms of action. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1995;208:109-115.

94.

Kiguchi K , Constantinou AI , Huberman E . Genistein-induced cell differentiation and protein-linked DNA strand breakage in human melanoma cells. Cancer Commun. 1990;2:271-277.

95.

Tamura S , Bito T , Ichihashi M , Ueda M . Genistein enhances the cisplatin-induced inhibition of cell growth and apoptosis in human malignant melanoma cells. Pigment Cell Res. 2003;16:470-476.

96.

Wietrzyk J , Boratynski J , Grynkiewicz G , et al. Antiangiogenic and antitumour effects in vivo of genistein applied alone or combined with cyclophosphamide. Anticancer Res. 2001;21:3893-3896.

97.

Takimoto CH , Glover K , Huang X , et al. Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of unconjugated soy isoflavones administered to individuals with cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003;12(11 pt 1):1213-1221.