Yarnell E. Naturopathic Urology and Men’s Health. Wenatchee, Wash: Healing Mountain; 2001.
2.
Morrison AS, Buring JE, Verhoek WG, et al. An international study of smoking and bladder cancer. J Urol. 1984;131:650-654.
3.
Karagas MR, Tosteson TD, Morris JS, et al. Incidence of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and arsenic exposure in New Hampshire. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15:465-472.
4.
Morris RD, Audet AM, Angelillo IF, Chalmers TC, Mosteller F. Chlorination, chlorination by-products, and cancer: a metaanalysis [published correction appears in Am J Public Health. 1993;83:1257]. Am J Public Health. 1992;82:955-963.
5.
McGeehin MA, Reif JS, Becher JC, Mangione EJ. Case-control study of bladder cancer and water disinfection methods in Colorado. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;138:492-501.
6.
Michaud DS, Spiegelman D, Clinton SK, et al. Fluid intake and the risk of bladder cancer in men. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1390-1397.
7.
Bushman JL. Green tea and cancer in humans: a review of the literature. Nutr Cancer. 1998;31:151-159.
8.
Castelao JE, Yuan JM, Gago-Dominguez M, et al. Carotenoids/ vitamin C and smoking-related bladder cancer. Int J Cancer. 2004;110:417-423.
9.
Byar D, Blackard C. Comparison of placebo, pyridoxine and topical thiotepa in preventing recurrence of stage I bladder cancer. Urology. 1977;10:556-561.
10.
Lamm DL, Riggs DR, Shriver JS, van Gilder PF, Rach JF, DeHaven JI. Megadose vitamins in bladder cancer: a doubleblind clinical trial. J Urol. 1994;151:21-26.
11.
Lamm DL, Riggs DR, Carpenter C, DeHave JI. Long term results of high-dose vitamin administration in patients with superficial bladder cancer [abstract]. J Am Coll Nutr. 1995;14:535-535. Abstract 45.
12.
Newling DWW, Robinson MRG, Smith PH, et al. Tryptophan metabolites, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and their influence on the recurrence rate of superficial bladder cancer: results of a prospective, randomised phase III study performed by the EORTC GU Group. Eur Urol. 1995;27:110-116.
13.
Jacobs EJ, Henion AK, Briggs PJ, et al. Vitamin C and vitamin E supplement use and bladder cancer mortality in a large cohort of US men and women. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156:1002-1010.
14.
Aso Y, Akaza H, Kotake T, et al. Preventive effect of a Lactobacillus casei preparation on the recurrence of superficial bladder cancer in a double-blind trial. Eur Urol. 1995;27:104-109.
15.
Matsuzaki T. Immunomodulation by treatment with Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota. Int J Food Microbiol. 1998;41:133-140.
16.
Gill HS, Rutherfurd KJ, Cross ML. Dietary probiotic supplementation enhances natural killer cell activity in the elderly: an investigation of age-related immunological changes. J Clin Immunol. 2001;21:264-271.
17.
Lim BK, Mahendran R, Lee YK, Bay BH. Chemopreventive effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus on growth of a subcutaneously implanted bladder cancer cell line in the mouse. Jpn J Cancer Res. 2002;93:36-41.
18.
Meydani SN, Ha WK. Immunological effects of yogurt. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71:861-872.
19.
Yang DA. Inhibitory effect of Chinese herb medicine zhuling on urinary bladder cancer: an experimental and clinical study [in Chinese]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 1991;29:393-395, 399-399.
20.
Kurashige S, Akuzawa Y, Endo F. Effects of astragali radix extract on carcinogenesis, cytokine production, and cytotoxicity in mice treated with a carcinogen, N-butyl-N’butanolnitrosoamine. Cancer Invest. 1999;17:30-35.
21.
Kidd PM. The use of mushroom glucans and proteoglycans in cancer treatment. Altern Med Rev. 2000;5:4-27.
22.
Cha RJ, Zeng DW, Chang QS. Non-surgical treatment of small cell lung cancer with chemo-radio-immunotherapy and traditional Chinese medicine[in Chinese]. Chung Hua Nei Ko Tsa Chih (Chin J Intern Med). 1994;33:462-466.
23.
Kupin VI, Polevaia YEB, Sorokin AM. Stimulation of the immunological reactivity of cancer patients by Eleutherococcus extract [in Russian]. Vopr Onkol. 1986;32:21-26.
24.
Kastelan Z, Lukac J, Derezic D, et al. Lymphocyte subsets, lymphocyte reactivity to mitogens, NK cell activity and neutrophil and monocyte phagocytic functions in patients with bladder carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2003;23:5185-5189.
25.
Carballido J, Alvarez-Mon M, Solovera J, et al. Clinical significance of natural killer activity in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol. 1990;143:29-33.
26.
Wang Z, Zhang Z, Liu Y, et al. Effect of retinoic acid and its complexes with transition metals on human bladder cancer cell line EJ in vitro. Urol Res. 2000;28:191-195.
27.
Hong WK, Itri LM. Retinoids and human cancer. In: Sporn MB, Roberts AB, Goodman DS, eds. The Retinoids: Biology, Chemistry, and Medicine. New York, NY: Raven; 1994: 597-630.
28.
Chen TX, Wanibuchi H, Wei M, et al. Concentration-dependent promoting effects of sodium-L-ascorbate with the same total dose in a rat two-stage urinary bladder carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett. 1999;146:67-71.
29.
Konety BR, Lavelle JP, Pirtskalaishvili G, et al. Effects of vitamin D (calcitriol) on transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in vitro and in vivo. J Urol. 2001;165:253-258.
30.
Hermann GG, Andersen CB. Transitional cell carcinoma express vitamin D receptors. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1997;31:161-166.
31.
Fujioka T, Hasegawa M, Ishikura K, et al. Inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis by vitamin D3 agents in murine renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1998;160:247-251.
32.
Simboli-Campbell M, Narvaez CJ, Tenniswood M, Welsh J. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces morphological and biochemical markers of apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1996;58:367-376.
33.
Harris NM, Crook TJ, Dyer JP, et al. Intravesical meglumine gamma-linolenic acid in superficial bladder cancer: an efficacy study. Eur Urol. 2002;42:39-42.
34.
Boik J. Natural Compounds in Cancer Therapy. Princeton, Minn: Oregon Medical Press; 2001.
35.
Clark LC, Combs GF, Turnbull BW, et al. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. JAMA. 1996;276:1957-1963.
36.
Spivak MY. On the use of phytoeides of garlic and onion for the treatment of tumorous patients [in Russian]. Vopr Onkol. 1962;8:93-96.
37.
Jones E. Cancer: Its Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment. Wenatchee, Wash: Healing Mountain; 1911, reprinted 2001.
38.
Farnsworth NR. The phytochemistry and biological activity of Catharnathus lanceus(Apocyanaceae). In: Swain T, ed. Plants in the Development of Modern Medicine. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press; 1972:279-302.
39.
Noble RL, Beer CT, Cutts JH. Role of chance observations in chemotherapy: Vinca rosea. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1958;76:882-894.
40.
Ojima I, Bounaud PY, Takeuchi C, Pera P, Bernacki RJ. New taxanes as highly efficient reversal agents for multidrug resistance in cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 1998;8:189-194.
41.
Chattopadhyay SK, Kumar TR, Maulik PR, et al. Absolute configuration and anticancer activity of taxiresinol and related lignans of Taxus wallichiana. Bioorg Med Chem. 2003;11:4945-4948.
42.
Chen WM, Zhang PL, Wu B, Zheng QT. Studies on the chemical constituents of Taxus yunnanensis[in Chinese]. Yao Xue Xue Bao. 1991;26:747-754.
43.
Zhou DC, Zittoun R, Marie JP. Homoharringtonine: an effective new natural product in cancer chemotherapy. Bull Cancer. 1995;82:987-995.
44.
Chang HM, But PPH, eds. Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica. Vol 1. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific; 1986.
45.
Kuo YH, Lin CH, Hwang SY, et al. A novel cytotoxic C-methylated biflavone from the stem of Cephalotaxus wilsoniana. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo).2000;48:440-441.
46.
Bocar M, Jossang A, Bodo B. New alkaloids from Cephalotaxus fortunei. J Nat Prod. 2003;66:152-154.
47.
Yarnell E. The botanical roots of pharmaceutical discovery. Altern Complement Ther. 2000:6(3):125-128.
48.
Redman BG, Esper P, Pan Q, et al. Phase II trial of tetrathiomolybdate in patients with advanced kidney cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9:1656-1672.
49.
Brewer GJ, Merajver SD. Cancer therapy with tetrathiomolybdate: antiangiogenesis by lowering body copper—a review. Integr Cancer Ther. 2002;1:327-337.
50.
Meng XL, Riordan NH, Casciari JJ, et al. Effects of a high molecular mass Convolvulus arvensis extract on tumor growth and angiogenesis. P R Health Sci J. 2002;21:323-328.
51.
Pienta KJ, Naik H, Akhtah A, et al. Inhibition of spontaneous metastasis in a rat prostate cancer model by oral administration of modified citrus pectin. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995;87:348-353.
52.
Platt D, Raz A. Modulation of the lung cell colonization of B16-F1 melanoma cells by citrus pectin. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992;18:438-442.
53.
Theodorescu D, Laderoute KR, Calaoagan JM, Guilding KM. Inhibition of human bladder cancer cell motility by genistein is dependent on epidermal growth factor receptor but not p21ras gene expression. Int J Cancer. 1998;78:775-782.
54.
Kaufman PB, Duke JA, Brielmann H, Boik J, Hoyt JE. A comparative survey of leguminous plants as sources of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein: implications for human nutrition and health. J Altern Complement Med. 1997;3:7-12.
55.
Silverman DT, Hartge P, Morrison AS, Devesa SS. Epidemiology of bladder cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1992;6:1-30.
56.
Wan XS, Lu LJ, Anderson KE, Ware JH, Kennedy AR. Urinary excretion of Bowman-Birk inhibitor in humans after soy consumption as determined by a monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000;9:741-747.
57.
Armstrong WB, Kennedy AR, Wan XS, et al. Clinical modulation of oral leukoplakia and protease activity by Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate in a phase IIa chemoprevention trial. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6:4684-4691.
58.
Rural Development Administration. Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor content in soybeans and soybean products. Korea Soybean Digest. 2003;17(1): 61-68. Available at: http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library/article/rh2003007b.html. Accessed December 8, 2004.