Is in-Shoe Microclimate a Neglected Contributor in the Pathway to Diabetic Foot Ulceration?

Abstract

The identification of the key contributing factors which predispose the foot to ulceration, increasing the risk of recurrence and slow wound healing in diabetes mellitus (DM), has led to some significant research studies over the last 30 years, providing valuable insight into the mechanism leading to diabetic foot ulceration (DFU). Although, these contributory factors are similar to those identified in pressure ulceration occurring in other parts of the body (such as “bed pressure sores’) where magnitude and/or duration of mechanical stress in the presence of sensory deficits are key causal factors, research investigating pressure ulceration has also included measurement of temperature and relative humidity at the interface between the skin and supporting surface. The possible influence of these parameters (in-shoe temperature and humidity) does not appear frequently in diabetic foot ulceration research. Referred to as “microclimate”, this has an important role in the pathway to tissue breakdown evidenced in pressure ulcer research and may be particularly relevant in countries with warm and humid climates. As the microclimate is influential in the ulceration pathway for other body sites, its role in the DFU causal pathway justifies further investigation.