As a therapeutic option, grafting of venous ulcers has not been very successfully received despite the different types of grafting methods. Currently, there are only a few controlled randomized trials offering clear guidance to clinicians. The development of artificially bioengineered skin constructs has led to a renewed interest in wound bed preparation, and preliminary successes suggest that the role of skin grafting could be studied in the current context.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
1. Cornwall J, Dore C, Lewis J. Leg ulcers: epidemiology and aetiology. Br J Surg1986;73:693-696.
2.
2. Ryan T. Leg ulcers. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1984.
3.
3. Klyscz T, Jünger M, Schanz S, et al. Lebensqualität bei chronisch venöser Insuffizienz. Hautarzt1998;49:372-381.
4.
4. Callam M, Harper D, Dale J, et al. Chronic ulcer of the leg: clinical history. Br Med J1987;294:1389-1391.
5.
5. De Palma R, Kowallek D. Venous ulceration: a cross over study from nonoperative to operative treatment. J Vasc Surg1996;24:788-791.
6.
6. Hofman D, Ryan T, Arnold F, et al. Pain in venous leg ulcers. J Wound Care1997;6:222-224.
7.
7. Scurr J, Coloridge-Smith P. Pathogenesis of venous ulceration. Phlebology1992;suppl1:13-16.
8.
8. Gourdin F, Smith J. Etiology of venous ulceration. South Med J1993;86:1142-1146.
9.
9. Burnard K, O'Donnell T, Thomas M, et al. The relative importance of incompetent communicating veins in the production of varicose veins and venous ulcers. Surgery1977;82:9-14.
10.
10. Walsh A, Hedges J, Stubbing N, et al. Venous ulceration—assessment and treatment. J Tissue Viability1993;3:48-50.
11.
11. Coerper S, Schäffer M, Enderle M, et al. Die chirurgische Wundsprechstunde. Chirurg1999;70:480-481.
12.
12. Partsch H. Compression therapy of the legs: a review. J Dermatol Surg Oncol1991;17:799-808.
13.
13. Alvarez O, Rozint J, Wiseman D. Moist environment for healing: matching the dressing to the wound. Wounds1989;1:35-51.
14.
14. Cullum N, Fletcher A, Semlyen A, et al. Compression therapy for venous leg ulcers. Int J Qual Health Care1997;6:226-231.
15.
15. Stanley A, Park H, Phillips T, et al. Reduced growth of dermal fibroblasts from chronic venous ulcers can be stimulated with growth factors. J Vasc Surg1997;26:994-999.
16.
16. Hasan A, Murata H, Falabella A, et al. Dermal fibroblasts from venous ulcers are unresponsive to the action of transforming growth factor beta1. J Dermatol Sci1997;16:59-66.
17.
17. Erickson C, Lanza D, Karp D, et al. Healing of venous ulcers in an ambulatory care program: the role of chronic venous insufficiency and patient compliance. J Vasc Surg1995;22:629-636.
18.
18. Mayberry J, Moneta G, Taylor L, et al. Fifteen-year results of ambulatory compression therapy for chronic venous ulcers. Br Med J1991;109:575-581.
19.
19. Negus D, Friedgood A. The effective management of venous ulceration. Br J Surg1983;70:623-627.
20.
20. Douglas W, Simpson N. Guidelines for the management of chronic venous leg ulceration: report of a multidisciplinary workshop. Br J Dermatol1995;132:446-452.
21.
21. Nelzen O, Bergquist D, Lindhagen A. Leg ulcer etiology—a cross sectional population study. J Vasc Surg1991;14:557-564.
22.
22. Zbinen O, Morselli B, Jager K, et al. Long-term evolution of varicose veins—11 year follow up. Presented at: Fifth European-American Symposium on Venous Diseases; 1990; Vienna.
23.
23. Grabs A, Wakely M, Nyamekye I, et al. Colour duplex ultrasonography in the rational management of chronic venous leg ulcers. Br J Surg1996;83:1380-1382.
24.
24. Bradbury A, Evans CJ, Allan P, et al. The relationship between lower limb symptoms and superficial and deep venous reflux on duplex ultrasonography: the Edinburgh Vein Study. J Vasc Surg2000;32:921-931.
25.
25. Poskitt K, James A, Lloyed-Davies E, et al. Pinch skin grafting or porcine dermis in venous ulcers: a randomised clinical trial. Br Med J1987;294:674-676.
27. Thiersch C. Über Hautverpflanzung. Zentralbl Chir1886;13:17-18.
28.
28. Rheinwald J, Green H. Serial cultivation of human epidermal keratinocytes: the formation of keratinizing colonies from single cells. Cell1975;6:331-344.
29.
29. Kaiser HW, Stark GB, Kopp J, et al. Cultured autologous keratinocytes in fibrin glue suspension, exclusively and combined with STS allograft. Burns1994;20:23-29.
30.
30. Sibbald R, Williamson D, Orsted H, et al. Preparing the wound bed—debridement, bacterial balance, and moisture balance. Ostomy Wound Manage2000;46:14-35.
31.
31. Steed D, Donohoe D, Webster M, et al. Effect of extensive debridement and treatment on healing of diabetic foot ulcers. J Am Coll Surg1996;183:61-64.
32.
32. Dagher F, Algoni S, Smith A. Bacterial studies of leg ulcers. Angiology1987;29:641-653.
33.
33. Sibbald R. Preparing the wound bed for skin grafts and living skin equivalents. Int Cong Symp Ser2001;250:115-119.
34.
34. Alinovi A, Bassissi P, Pini M. Systemic administration of antibiotics in the management of venous ulcers: a randomized clinical trial. J Am Acad Dermatol1986;18:1048-1052.
35.
35. Coerper S, Kovecker G, Flesch I, et al. Venous ulcer: surgical debridement, antibiotic therapy and stimulation with platelet-derived growth factors. Langenbecks Arch Chir1995;380:102-107.
36.
36. Church J, Courtenay M. Maggot debridement therapy for chronic wounds. Int J Lower Extremity Wounds2002;1:129-134.
37.
37. Sherman R. Maggot therapy for foot and leg wounds. Int J Lower Extremity Wounds2002;1:135-142.
38.
38. Kirsner R, Falanga V. Techniques of split-thickness skin grafting for lower extremity ulcerations. J Dermatol Surg Oncol1993;19:779-783.
39.
39. Kirsner R, Eaglstein W, Kerdel F. Split-thickness skin grafting for lower extremity ulcerations. Dermatol Surg1997;23:85-91.
40.
40. Tanner J, Vandeput J, Olley J. The mesh skin graft. Plast Reconstruct Surg1964;34:287.
41.
41. Davis J. The use of small deep skin grafts. JAMA1914;63:985-989.
42.
42. Oien R, Hansen B, Häkansson A. Pinch grafting of leg ulcers in primary care. Acta Dermatol Venereol (Stockholm)1998;78:438-439.
43.
43. Millard L, Roberts M, Gatecliffe M. Chronic leg ulcers treated by the pinch graft method. Br J Dermatol1977;97:289-295.
44.
44. Steele K. Pinch grafting for chronic venous leg ulcers in general practice. J Roy Coll Gen Pract1985;35:574-575.
45.
45. Christiansen J, Ek L, Tegner E. Pinch grafting of leg ulcers. Acta Dermatol Venereol (Stockholm)1997;77:471-473.
46.
46. Turczynski R, Tarpila E. Treatment of leg ulcers with split skin grafts: early and late results. Scand J Plast Reconstr Hand Surg1999;33:301-305.
47.
47. Kirsner R, Mata S, Falanga V. Split-thickness skin grafting of leg ulcers: the University of Miami Department of Dermatology's Experience (1990-1993). Dermatol Surg1995;21:701-703.
48.
48. Härmä M, Asko-Seljavaara S, Lauharanta J. Surgical treatment of chronic leg ulcers. Acta Dermatol Venereol1994;74:484-485.
49.
49. Jones JE, Nelson EA. Skin grafting for venous leg ulcers (Cochrane review). In: Cochrane Library, Issue 3; 2002. Oxford: Update Software.
50.
50. Warburg F, Danielson L, Madsen S, et al. Vein surgery with or without skin grafting versus conservative treatment for leg ulcers. Acta Dermatol Venereol (Stockholm)1994;74:307-309.
51.
51. O'Conner N, Mulliken J, Banks-Schlelegel S, et al. Grafting of burns with cultured epithelium prepared from autologous epidermal cells. Lancet1981;1:75-78.
52.
52. Barrandon Y, Green H. Cell migration is essential for sustained growth of keratinocyte colonies: the roles of transforming growth factor-alpha and epidermal growth factor. Cell1987;50:1131-1137.
53.
53. Teepe R, Roseeuw D, Hermans J, et al. Randomized trial comparing cyropreserved cultured epidermal allografts with hydrocolloid dressings in healing chronic venous ulcers. J Am Acad Dermatol1993;29:982-988.
54.
54. Lindgren C, Marcusson J, Toftgard R. Treatment of venous leg ulcers with cyropreserved cultured allogenic keratinocytes: a prospective open controlled study. Br J Dermatol1998;139:271-275.
55.
55. Duhra P, Blight A, Mountford E, et al. A randomized controlled trial of cultured keratinocyte allografts for chronic venous ulcers. J Dermatol Treatment1992;3:189-191.
56.
56. Worst P, Mackanzie I, Fuesenig N. Reformation of organized epidermal structure by transplantation of suspension and culture of epidermal and dermal cells. Cell Tissue Res1982;225:65-77.
57.
57. Stark G, Kaiser H. Cologne Burn Center experience with glycerol-preserved allogenic skin: part II: combination with autologous cultured keratinocytes. Burns1994;20:34-38.
58.
58. Stark G, Kaiser H, Horch R, et al. Cultured autologous keratinocytes suspended in fibrin glue (KFGS) with allogenic overgraft for definite burn wound coverage. Eur J Plast Surg1995;18:267-271.
59.
59. Ziegler U, Schmidt K, Breithaupt B, et al. Treatment of chronic wounds with autologous keratinocyte transplantation in fibrin-glue. Presented at: 10th Annual Meeting of the European Tissue Repair Society; 2000; Brussels.
60.
60. Horch R, Bannasch H, Kopp J, et al. Single-cell suspension of cultured human keratinocytes in fibrin-glue reconstitute the epidermis. Cell Transplantation1998;7:309-317.
61.
61. Falanga V, Margolis D, Alvarez O, et al. Rapid healing of venous ulcers and lack of clinical rejection with an allogenic cultured human skin equivalent. Arch Dermatol1998;134:293-300.
62.
62. Wilkins L, Watson S, Prosky S, et al. Development of a bilayered living skin construct for clinical applications. Biotech Bioengineering1994;43:747-756.
63.
63. Falanga V, Sabolinski M. A bilayered living skin construct (Apligraf) accelerates complete closure of hard-to-heal venous ulcers. Wound Repair Regeneration1999; 7:201-207.
64.
64. Issacs C, Downing G, Young J. An in vitro wound model using a human skin equivalent. Wound Repair Regeneration1998;6:A256.
65.
65. Dolynchuk K, Hull P, Guenther L, et al. The role of Apligraf in the treatment of venous leg ulcers. Ostomy Wound Manage1999;45(1):34-43.
66.
66. Mol M, Nanninga B, Eendenburg J, et al. Grafting of venous leg ulcers. J Am Acad Dermatol1991;24:77-82.
67.
67. Gentzkow D, Jensen J, Pollak R, et al. Improved healing of diabetic foot ulcers after grafting with a human dermal replacement. Wounds1999;11(3):77-84.
68.
68. Ruckley CV. Socioeconomic effect of chronic venous insufficiency and leg ulcers. Angiology1997;48:67-69.
69.
69. Nicolaides A, Hussein M, Szendro G, et al. The relation of venous ulceration with ambulatory venous pressure measurements. J Vasc Surg1993;17:414-419.
70.
70. Kirsner R, Falanga V, Kerdel F. Skin grafts as pharmacological agents: pre-wounding of the donor site. Br J Dermatol1996;135:292-296.
71.
71. Bello Y, Phillips T. Recent advantages in wound healing. JAMA2000;283:716-718.
