The clock drawing test (CDT) is usedfor a variety of diagnostic purposes, including screening for dementia. Individuals have relied on subjective judgments in distinguishing between normal and abnormal clocks. This studyproposesaformal, objective scoring procedure called the Clock Scoring System (CSS). The CDTwas administered to 23 dementia patients and 27 normal, elderly controls. The inter-rater reliability estimates of the CSS rangedfrom 82 to .98 across diagnostic groups. Scores discriminated between the patient and comparison groups, even after controlling for age and education. A discussion of the usefulness of this measure as well as ftture research directions is presented.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
1. Heilman K., Watson R., Valenstein E.Neglect and related disorders. In: K. Heilman & E. Valenstein (hds.), Clinical neuropsychology (2nd ed., pp. 243-293). New York, 1985; 243-293.
2.
2. Ishiai S, Sugishita M, Ichikawa T, Gono S, Watabiki S. Clock-drawing test and unilateral spatial neglect. Neurology1993; 43:106-110.
3.
3. Sunderland T, Hill JL, Mellow AM, Lawlor BA, Gundersheimer J,Newhouse PA, Grafman JH. Clock drawing in Alzheimer's disease: A novel measure of dementia severity. J Am Geriatrics Soc1989; 37:725-729.
4.
4. Wolf-Klein GP, Silverstone FA, Levy AP, Brod MS.Screening for Alzheimer's disease by clock drawing. J Am Geriatrics Soc1989; 37:730-734.
5.
5. Halstead WC.Brain and intelligence. Chicago, 1947.
6.
6.Wechsler D.WAIS-Rmanual. New York, 1981.
7.
7. Wechsler D. (1945). A standardized memory scale forclinical use. 3 Psychology 1945; 19: 87-95.
8.
8. Mattis S.Dementia rating scale professional manual. Odessa, Florida, 1973.
9.
9. Shipley WC.Institute of living scale. Los Angeles, 1946.
10.
10. Lezak MD.Neuropsychological assessment. New York, 1983.
11.
11. Taylor EM.The appraisal of children with cerebral deficits. Cambridge, MA, 1959.
12.
12. Tabachnick BG, Fidell, LS.Using multivariate statistics (2nd ed.). New York, 1989.
