Incontinence is a problem for both AD patients as well as their caregivers and becomes increasingly difficult to treat as cognitive abilities deteriorate. There are a variety of behavioral interventions to help alleviate incontinence. However, these remedies are often in-appropriate for dementia patients since the ability to comply diminishes with the progression of the disease. This study examines the differences in toilet use under concealed and visible conditions to determine whether visibility of the toilet is a supportive cue for AD patients. The results indicate that utilization of the toilets increased when toilets were visually accessible.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
1. Hadley EC: Bladder training and related therapies for urinary incontinence in old people. Journal of American Medical Association1986;256:372-372
2.
2. Resnick NM, Yalla S: Management of urinary incontinence in the elderly. The New England Journal of Medicine1985; 13:800-805
3.
3. Ory MG, Wyman JF, Yu LC: Psychological factors in urinary incontinence in the elderly. Clinical Geriatric Medicine1986;2:657-657
4.
4. Yu LC, Rohner TJ, Kaltreider DL, et al: Profile of urinary incontinent elderly in long-term care institutions. Journal of American Geriatrics Society1990;38:433-439
5.
5. Palmer RM: Ambulatory management of urinary incontinence in the frail elderly. Geriatrics1990;45:61-66
6.
6. Ouslander J, Kane, R: The cost of urinary incontinence in nursing homes. Medical Care1984;22:69-79
7.
7. Burgio KL: Prevalence and key issues. Presented at the Conference on Urinary In-continence in the Elderly. Cleveland, Ohio, 1989
8.
8. Lowenthal M: Nobody wants the incontinent. Registered Nurse1958;21:82-85
9.
9. Engel B, Burgio LD, McCormick KA et al. Behavioral treatment of incontinence in the long-term care setting. Journal of American Geriatrics Society1990;38:361-363
10.
10. Schnelle JF, Traughber B, Sowell VA, et al: Prompted voiding treatment of urinary incontinence in nursing home patients. Journal of American Geriatrics Society1990;37:1051-1057
11.
11. Kaltreider DL, Hu T, Igou JF, et al. Can reminders curb incontinence?Geriatric Nursing1990; 11:17-17
12.
12. Wein AJ: Pharmacologic treatment of incontinence. Journal of American Geriatrics Society1990;38:317-325
13.
13. Raz S: Vaginal surgery for stress incontinence. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society1990;38:345-347
14.
14. Palmer RM: Ambulatory management of urinary incontinence in the frail elderly. Geriatrics1990;45:61-66
15.
15. Duffy LM: Managing urinary incontinence in persons with Alzheimer's disease. The American Journal of Alzheimer's Care and Related Disorders & Research1987;2: 13-19
16.
16. Reisberg B: Dementia: a systematic approach to identifying reversible causes. Geriatrics1986;41:30-46
17.
17. Ouslander JG, Marks JL: The management of urinary incontinence in dementia. In NL Mace (ed.): Dementia care, patient, family, & community. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990
18.
18. Ouslander J, Kane R, Vollmer S, et al: Technologies for managing urinary incontinence. Washington, DC, Office of Technology Assessment, 1986
19.
19. Rohner TJ, Igou JF: Urinary incontinence in the elderly. AUA update series, Lesson 26, Vol. 5. Houston, American Urological Association, Inc., Office of Education, 1986
20.
20. Office of Technology Assessment: Losing a million minds. Confronting the tragedy of Alzheimer's disease. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987
21.
21. Gwyther LP: Care of Alzheimer's patients: A manual for nursing home staff. Washington, DC, American Health Care Association, and Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association, 1985
22.
22. Mace NJ, Rabins PV: The 36-Hour Day. New York, Warner Books, 1981
23.
23. Hall GR: A conceptual model for planning and evaluating care of the client with Alzheimer's disease or a related disorder. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Neurosciences Nurses, Denver, 1986
24.
24. Calkins MP: Design for dementia: planning environments for the elderly and the confused. Owings Mills, National Health Publishing, 1988
25.
25. Hughes CP, Berg L, Danziger WL, et al: A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. British Journal of Psychiatry1982; 140:566-572
26.
26. Hiatt LG: Long-term care facilities. Journal of Health Care Interior Design1990;2: 195-205
27.
27. Norman L, Lancaster, M: Hygiene and the patient with Alzheimer's disease. In R Hamdy, JM Turnbull, LD Norman, MM Lancaster (eds.):Alzheimer's disease, a handbook for caregivers. St. Louis, C.V. Mosby Company, 1990
28.
28. Namazi KH, Rosner, TT, Calkins, MP: Visual barriers to prevent ambulatory Alzheimer's patients from exiting through an emergency door. Gerontologist1989;29: 699-702
