Implicit memory and people with Alzheimer's disease: Implication for caregiving

Schacter DL : Implicit memory: History and current status. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1987; 13: 501-518.

Howard DV : Implicit memory: An expanding picture of cognitive aging. In Schaie KW (Ed.): Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics (vol. 11). New York: Springer-Verlag, 1991:1-22.

Squire LR : Declarative and nondeclarative memory: Multiple brain systems supporting learning and memory. In Schacter DL , Tulving E (Eds.): Memory Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994:203-232.

Morris RG , Kopelman MD : The memory deficits in Alzheimer's type dementia: A review. Q J Exp Psychol. 1986; 38A: 575-602.

Dick MB , Kean ML , Sands D : Memory for internally generated words in Alzheimer's type dementia: Breakdown in encoding and semantic memory. Brain Cogn. 1989; 9: 88-108.

Grosse DA , Wilson RS , Fox, JH : Preserved word stem completion priming of semantically encoded information in Alzheimer's disease. Psychol Aging. 1990; 5: 304-306.

Partridge FM , Knight RG , Feehan M : Direct and indirect memory performance in patients with senile dementia. Psychol Med. 1990; 20: 111-118.

Perani D , Bressi S , Cappa SF , et al.: Evidence of multiple memory systems in the human brain. Brain. 1993; 116: 903-919.

Russo R , Spinnler H : Implicit verbal memory in Alzheimer's disease. Cortex. 1994; 30: 359-375.

Randolph C , Tierney MC , Chase TN : Implicit memory in Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1995; 17: 343-351.

Fleischman DA , Gabrieli JDE , Rinaldi JA , et al.: Word-stem completion priming for perceptually and conceptually encoded words in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia. 1997; 35: 25-35.

Spaan PEJ , Raaijmakers JGW , Jonker C : Alzheimer's disease versus normal aging: A review of the efficiency of clinical and experimental memory measures. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2003; 25: 216-233.

Post SG : Respectare: Moral respect for the lives of the deeply forgetful. In Hughes JC , Louw S , Sabat SR (Eds.): Dementia: Mind, Meaning, and the Person. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2005:223-234.

Mitchell DB : Memory and language deficits in Alzheimer's disease. In Dippel RL , Hutton JT (Eds.): Caring for the Alzheimer Patient. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1988:81-93.

McAndrews MP , Glisky EL , Schacter DL : When priming persists: Long-lasting implicit memory for a single episode in amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia. 1987; 25: 497-506.

Heindel WC , Salmon DP , Shults CW , et al.: Neuropsychological evidence for multiple implicit memory systems: A comparison of Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's disease patients. J Neurosci. 1989; 9: 582-587.

Butters N , Heindel WC , Salmon DP : Dissociation of implicit memory in dementia: Neurological implications. Bull Psychon Soc. 1990; 28: 359-366.

Eslinger PJ , Damasio AR : Preserved motor learning in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for anatomy and behavior. J Neurosci. 1986; 6: 3006-3009.

Gabrieli JDE , Corkin S , Mickel SF , et al.: Intact acquisition and long-term retention of mirror-tracing skill in Alzheimer's disease and in global amnesia. Behav Neurosci. 1993; 107: 899-910.

Knopman D : Long-term retention of implicitly acquired learning in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1991; 13: 880-894.

Knopman D , Nissen MJ : Implicit learning in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 1987; 37: 784-788.

Deweer B , Pillon B , Michon A , et al.: Mirror reading in Alzheimer's disease: Normal skill learning and acquisition of information. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1993; 15: 789-804.

Deweer B , Ergis AM , Fossati P , et al.: Explicit memory, procedural learning and lexical priming in Alzheimer's disease. Cortex. 1994; 30: 113-126.

Salmon DP , Heindel WC , Butters N : Semantic memory, priming and skill learning in Alzheimer's disease. In Backman L (Ed.): Memory Functioning in Dementia. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1992.

Gabrieli JDE , Keane MM , Stanger BZ , et al.: Dissociations among structural-perceptual, lexical-semantic, and event-fact memory systems in Alzheimer, amnesic, and normal subjects. Cortex. 1994; 30: 75-103.

Monti L , Gabrieli JD , Wilson RS , et al.: Intact task-specific implicit memory in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Psychol Aging. 1994; 9: 64-71.

Sabat SR , Napolitano L , Fath H : Barriers to the construction of a valued social identity: A case study of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Alzheimer Dis Other Dement. 2004; 19: 177-185.

Brody E : Excess disabilities of mentally impaired aged: Impact of individualized treatment. Gerontologist. 1971; 25: 124-133.

Kitwood T : Toward a theory of dementia care: Ethics and interaction. J Clin Ethics. 1998; 9(1): 23-34.

Sabat SR : Excess disability and malignant social psychology: A case study of Alzheimer's disease. J Commun Appl Soc Psychol. 1994; 4(3): 157-166.