Various psychological approaches are effective in maintaining and maximizing functioning in Alzheimer's disease. The most efficacious approaches have been based on a combination of individualized, interdisciplinary, and holistic treatment. Such a treatment approach is comparable to Lazarus's multimodal model, which has also been referred to as “systematic eclecticism.” The multimodal model is especially well suited for people experiencing dementia, a progressive disorder.
Brookmeyer R, Gray S, Kawas C: Projections of Alzheimer's disease in the United States and the public health impact of delaying disease onset. American J Public Health.1998; 88(9): 1337-1342.
Clark W, Lancaster M: Management of difficult behaviors. In Hamdy RC (ed.): Alzheimer's Disease: A Handbook for Caregivers. St. Louis: Mosby, 1994.
4.
American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Ed. [DSM-IV] Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press, 1994.
5.
Mega MS, Cummings JL: Dementia. In Reichman WE, Katz PR (eds.): Psychiatric Care in the Nursing Home. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
6.
Jurkowski CL: A multidisciplinary approach to Alzheimer's disease: Who should be members of the team?American J Medicine. 1998; 104(4A): 13S-16S.
7.
Beck CK, Cody M, Zhang M: A multidisciplinary team approach to managing Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacotherapy. 1998; 18 (2 Pt 2): 33-42.
McShane R, Gedling K, Keene J, et al.: Getting lost in dementia: A longitudinal study of a behavioral symptom. Int Psychogeriatrics. 1998; 10(3): 253-260.
10.
Mace NL, Rabian PV: The 36-hour day. New York: Warner Books, 1991.
11.
Lazarus A: The Practice of Multimodal Therapy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.
12.
Kaplan M, Hoffman S: Behaviors in Dementia: Best Practices for Successful Management. Baltimore: Health Profession Press, 1998.
13.
Gurland B: The impact of depression on quality of life of the elderly. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 1992; 8(2): 377-386.
14.
Katz IR: Diagnosis and treatment of depression in patients with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. J Clinical Psychiatry. 1998; 59(Suppl 9): 38-44.
15.
Koder DA: Treatment of anxiety in the cognitively impaired elderly: Can cognitive-behavior therapy help?Int Psychogeriatric. 1998; 10(2): 173-182.
16.
Stumer J, Hickson L, Worrall L: Hearing impairment, disability and handicap in elderly people living in residential care and in the community. Disability & Rehabilitation. 1996; 18(2): 76-82.
17.
Carabellese C, Appollonio I, Rozzini R, et al.: Sensory impairment and quality of life in a community elderly population. J American Geriatrics Society. 1993; 41(4): 401-407.
18.
Maggi S, Minicuci N, Martini A, et al.Prevalence rates of hearing impairment and comorbid conditions in older people: The Veneto Study. J American Geriatrics Society. 1998: 46(9): 1069-1074.
19.
Rovner BW, Ganguli M: Depression and disability associated with impaired vision: The Movies Project. J American Geriatrics Society. 1998; 46(5): 617-619.
20.
Finley B: Nutritional needs of the person with Alzheimer's disease: Practical approaches to quality. J American Dietetic Assn.1997; 10(Suppl 2): S177-S180.
21.
Thompson MD, Knee K, Golden CJ: Olfaction in persons with Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology Review. 1998; 8(1): 11-23.
22.
Fischer-Morris M, Gellatly A: The experience and expression of pain of Alzheimer's patients. Age & Ageing. 1997; 26(6): 397-500.
23.
Porter FL, Malhotra KM, Wolf CM, et al.: Dementia and response to pain in the elderly. Pain. 1996; 68(2-3): 413-421.
24.
Migliorelli R, Petracca G, Teson A, et al.: Neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological correlates of delusions on Alzheimer's disease. Psychological Medicine. 1995; 25(3): 505-513.
25.
Christensen H, Korten AE, Jorm AF, et al.: Education and decline in cognitive performance: Compensatory but not protective. Int J Geriatric Psychiatry. 1997; 12(3): 323-330.
26.
Tappen RM, Williams-Burgess C, Edelstein J, et al.: Communicating with individuals with Alzheimer's disease: Examination of recommended strategies. Arch Psychiatric Nursing. 11(5): 249-256.
27.
Williamson GM, Shaffer DR, Parmelee PA: Physical Illness and Depression in Older Adults. New York: Kluwer Academic, 2000.
