The Lower Extremity Venous System

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Cikrit DF , Nichols WK , Silver D. Surgical management of refractory venous stasis ulceration. J Vasc Surg 7:473-478, 1988.

Bergan JJ , Yao JST , Flinn WR , McCarthy WJ Surgical treatment of venous obstruction and insufficiency. J Vasc Surg 3:174-181, 1986.

Raju S. , Fredericks R. Valve reconstruction procedures for nonobstructive venous insufficiency: Rationale, techniques, and results in 107 procedures with two- to eight-year followup . J Vasc Surg 7:301-310, 1988.

Mayberry JC , Moneta GL , DeFrang RD , Porter JM The influence of elastic compression stockings on deep venous hemodynamics . J Vasc Surg 13:91-100, 1991.

O'Donnell TF , Rosenthal DA , Callow AD , Ledig BL The effect of elastic compression on venous hemodynamics in postphlebitic limbs. JAMA 242:2766-2768, 1979.

Husni EA , Ximenes JOC , Goyette EM

Elastic support of the lower limbs in hospital patients: A critical study

JAMA 214:1456-1462, 1970 .

Noyes LD , Rice JC , Kerstein MD Hemodynamic assessment of high-compression hosiery in chronic venous disease . Surgery 102:813-815, 1987.

Somerville JJF , Brow GO , Byrne PJ , Quill RD , Fegan WG The effect of elastic stockings on superficial venous pressures in patients with venous insufficiency . Br J Surg 61:979-981, 1974.

Norris CS , Turley G. , Barnes RW Noninvasive quantification of ambulatory venous hemodynamics during elastic compressive therapy. Angiology 35:560-567, 1984.

10.

Christopoulos DG , Nicolaides AN , Szendro G. , Irvine AT , Bull M. , Eastcott HHG. Air-plethysmography and the effect of elastic compression on venous hemodynamics of the leg. J Vasc Surg 5:148-159, 1987.

11.

Jones NA , Webb PJ , Rees RI , Kakkar VV A physiological study of elastic compression stockings in venous disorders of the leg. Br J Surg 67:569-572, 1980.

12.

Horner J. , Fernandes JF , Nicolaides AN Value of graduated compression stockings in deep venous insufficiency . Br Med J 75:820-821, 1980.

13.

Mahler F. , Chen D. Intravital microscopy for evaluation of chronic venous incompetence. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp (Suppl) 106:1, 1990.

14.

Neumann HA Possibilities and limitations of transcutaneous oxygen tension. Measurements in chronic venous insufficiency. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp (Suppl)105:1, 1990.

15.

Kolari PJ , Pekanmaki K. Effects of intermittent compression treatment on skin perfusion and oxygenation in lower legs with venous ulcers. Vasa 16:312-317, 1987.

16.

Nemeth AJ , Falanga V. , Alstadt SA , Eaglstein WH Ulcerated edematous limbs: Effect of edema removal on transcutaneous oxygen measurements. J Am Acad Dermatol 120: 191-197, 1989.

17.

Bergan JJ Conrad Jobst and the development of pressure gradient therapy for venous disease . In Bergan JJ , Yao JS , eds. Surgery of the Veins. Orlando, Fla.: Grune & Stratton, 1985 , pp 529-540.

18.

Wright AD The treatment of indolent ulcer of the leg. Lancet 1:457-460, 1931.

19.

Anning ST Leg ulcers—The results of treatment. Angiology 7:505-516, 1956.

20.

Kitahama A. , Elliot LF , Kerstein MD , Menendez CV Leg ulcer: Conservative management or surgical treatment? JAMA 247:197-199, 1982.

21.

Mayberry JC , Moneta GL , Taylor LM , Porter JM Fifteen-year results of ambulatory compression therapy for chronic venous ulcers. Surgery 109:575-581, 1991.

22.

Chant AD , Davies LJ , Pike JM , Sparks MJ Support stockings in practical management of varicose veins. Phlebology 4:167-169, 1989.

23.

Callam MJ , Ruckley CV , Dale JJ , Harper DR Hazards of compression treatment of the leg: An estimate from Scottish surgeons . Br Med J 295:1382, 1987.

24.

Callam MJ , Harper DR , Dale JJ , Ruckley CV Arterial disease in chronic leg ulceration: An underestimated hazard? Lothian and Forth Valley leg ulcer study. Br Med J 294:929-931, 1987.

25.

Unna PG Ueber paraplaste, eine neue form medikamentoser pflaster. Wien Med Wochenschr 43:1854, 1896.

26.

Hendricks WM , Swallow RT Management of stasis leg ulcers with Unna's boots versus elastic support stockings. J Am Acad Dermatol 12:90-98, 1985.

27.

Rubin JR , Alexander J. , Plecha EJ , Marman C. Unna's boots vs. polyurethane foam dressings for the treatment of venous ulceration . Arch Surg 125:489-490, 1990.

28.

Cordts PR , Hanrahan LM , Rodriguez AA , Woodson J. , LaMorte WW , Menzoian JO A prospective, randomized trial of Unna's boot versus Duoderm CGF hydroactive dressing plus compression in the management of venous leg ulcers . J Vasc Surg 15:480-486, 1992.

29.

Kitka MJ , Schuler JJ , Meyer JP , Durham JR , Eldrup-Jorgensen J. , Schwarcz TH , Flanigan DP A prospective, randomized trial of Unna's boots versus hydroactive dressing in the treatment of venous stasis ulcers. J Vasc Surg 7:478-486, 1988.

30.

Blair SD , Wright DD , Backhouse LM , Riddle E. , McCollum CN Sustained compression and healing of chronic venous ulcers. Br Med J 297:1159-1161, 1988 .

31.

Stewart AJ , Leaper DJ Treatment of chronic leg ulcers in the community: A comparative trial of Scherisorb Iodosorb. Phlebology 2:115-121, 1987.

32.

Ormiston MC , Seymour MT , Venn GE , Cohen RI , Fox JA Controlled trial of Iodosorb in chronic venous ulcers. Br Med J 291:308-310, 1985.

33.

Ryan TJ , Biven HF , Murphy JJ , Hope-Ross M. , Bynes G. The use of a new occlusive dressing in the management of venous stasis ulceration . In Ryan TJ , ed. An Environment for Healing: The Role of Occlusion. London : Royal Society of Medicine, 1984 , pp 99-103.

34.

Eriksson G. Comparative study of hydrocolloid dressing and double layer bandage in treatment of venous stasis ulceration. In Ryan TJ , ed. An Environment for Healing: The Role of Occlusion . London: Royal Society of Medicine , 1984, pp 111-113.

35.

Vernick SH , Shapiro D. , Shaw FD Legging orthosis for venous and lymphatic insufficiency. Arch Phys Med Rehab 68:459-461, 1987.

36.

Pekanmaki K. , Kolari PJ , Kiistala U. Intermittent pneumatic compression treatment for post-thrombotic leg ulcers . Clin Exp Dermatol 12:350-353, 1987.

37.

Coleridge Smith P , Sarin S. , Hasty J. , Scurr JH Sequential gradient pneumatic compression enhances venous ulcer healing: A randomized trial. Surgery 108:871-875, 1990.

38.

Greaves MW , Boyde TR Plasma zinc concentrations in patients with psoriasis, other dermatoses, and venous leg ulceration. Lancet 2:1019, 1967.

39.

Withers AF , Baker H. , Musa M. , Dormandy TL Plasma zinc in psoriasis. Lancet 2:278, 1968.

40.

Greaves MW , Skillen AW Effects of long-continued ingestion of zinc sulphate in patients with venous leg ulceration. Lancet 2:889-891, 1970.

41.

Hallbook T. , Lanner E. Serum-zinc and healing of venous leg ulcers . Lancet 2:780-782, 1972.

42.

Greaves MW , Ive FA Double blind trial of zinc sulphate in the treatment of chronic venous ulceration . Br J Dermatol 87:632-634, 1972.

43.

Myers MB , Cherry G. Zinc and the healing of chronic ulcers. Am J Surg 120:77-81, 1970.

44.

Phillips A. , Davidson M. , Greaves MW Venous leg ulceration: Evaluation of zinc treatment, serum zinc and rate of healing. Clin Exp Dermatol 2:395-399, 1977.

45.

Nehler MR , Moneta GL , Porter JM. The lower extremity venous system—Part II: The pathophysiology of chronic venous insufficiency. Perspect Vasc Surg 5(1):81-97, 1992.

46.

Browse NL , Jarrett PE , Morland M. , Burnand K. Treatment of lipodermatosclerosis of the leg by fibrinolytic enhancement: A preliminary report. Br Med J 2:434-435, 1977.

47.

Burnand K. , Lemenson G. , Morland M. , Jarrett PE , Browse NL Venous lipodermatosclerosis: Treatment by fibrinolytic enhancement and elastic compression. Br Med J 280:7-11, 1980.

48.

McMullin GM , Watkin GT , Coleridge Smith PD , Scurr JH The efficacy of fibrinolytic enhancement with stanozolol in the treatment of venous insufficiency . Aust N Z J Surg 61: 306-309, 1991.

49.

Layer GT , Stacey MC , Burnand KG Stanozolol and the treatment of venous ulceration—An interim report . Phlebology 1:197-203, 1986.

50.

Arturson G. Effects of 0-(B-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides (HR) on the increased microvascular permeability in experimental skin bums. Acta Chir Scand 138:111, 1972.

51.

Balmer A. , Limoni C. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of venorutin on the symptoms and signs of chronic venous insufficiency. Vasa 9:76-82, 1980.

52.

Pulvertaft TB Paroven in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. Practitioner 223: 838-841, 1979.

53.

Pulvertaft TB General practice treatment of symptoms of venous insufficiency with oxyrutins. Results of a 660 patient multicenter study in the UK. Vasa 12:373-376, 1983.

54.

Mann RJ A double-blind trial of oral 0.B-hydroxy-ethyl rutosides for stasis leg ulcers . Br J Clin Pract 35:79-81, 1981.

55.

Casley-Smith JR The effects of calcium dobesilate on acute lymphoedema (with and without macrophages) and on burn edema. Lymphology 18:37-45, 1985.

56.

Casley-Smith JR The effect of variations in tissue protein concentration and tissue hydrostatic pressure on fluid and protein uptake by the initial lymphatics, and the action of calcium dobesilate. Microcirc Endothelium Lymphatics 2:385-416, 1985.

57.

Casley-Smith JR A double-blind trial of calcium dobesilate in chronic venous insufficiency. Angiology 39:853, 1988.

58.

Hachen HJ , Lorenz P. Double-blind clinical and plethysmographic study of calcium dobesilate in patients with peripheral microvascular disorders. Angiology 33:480-488, 1982.

59.

Sullivan GW , Carper HT , Novick WJ , Mandell GL Inhibition of the inflammatory action of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor (alpha) on neutrophil function by pentoxifylline. Infect Immunol 56:1722-1729, 1988.

60.

Weitgasser H. The use of pentoxifylline (Trental 400) in the treatment of leg ulcers: The results of a double blind trial. Pharmatherapeutica 3 (Suppl)1:143-151, 1983.

61.

Colgan MP , Dormandy JA , Jones PW , Schraibmann IG , Shanik DG , Young RA Oxpentifylline treatment of venous ulcers of the leg. Br Med J 300:972-975, 1990.

62.

Salim AS The role of oxygen-derived free radicals in the management of venous (varicose) ulceration: A new approach. World J Surg 15:264-269, 1991.

63.

Sinzinger H. , Virgolini I. , Fitscha P. Pathomechanisms of atherosclerosis benefically affected by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)—An update. Vasa 28(Suppl):6-13, 1989.

64.

Rudofsky G. Intravenous prostaglandin E1 in the treatment of venous ulcers—A double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Vasa 28(Suppl):39-43, 1989.

65.

Bishop JB , Phillips LG , Mustoe TA , Vanderzee AJ , Wiersema L. , Roach DE , Heggers JP , Hill DP , Taylor EL , Robson MC A prospective randomized evaluator-blinded trial of two potential wound healing agents for the treatment of venous stasis ulcers. J Vasc Surg 16: 251-257, 1992.

66.

Gilchrist B. , Reed C. The bacteriology of chronic venous ulcers treated with occlusive hydrocolloid dressings. Br J Dermatol 121:337-344, 1989.

67.

Lineaweaver W. , Howard R. , Souey D. , McMorris S. , Freeman J. , Crain C. , Robertson J. , Rumley T. Topical antimicrobial toxicity. Arch Surg 120:267-270, 1985.

68.

Ormiston MC , Seymour MT , Venn GE , Cohen RI , Fox JA Controlled trial of Iodosorb in chronic venous ulcers. Br Med J 291:308-310, 1985.

69.

Stewart AJ , Leaper DJ Treatment of chronic leg ulcers in the community: A comparative trial of Scherisorb and Iodosorb. Phlebologie 2:115-121, 1987.

70.

Tarvainen K. Cadexomer iodine (Iodosorb) compared with dextranomer (Debrisan) in the treatment of chronic leg ulcers. Acta Chir Scand 544(Suppl):57-59, 1988.

71.

Hillstrom L. Iodosorb compared to standard treatment in chronic venous leg ulcers—A multicenter study. Acta Chir Scand 544(Suppl):53-56, 1988.

72.

Bennett JP , Matthews R. , Faulk WP Treatment of chronic ulceration of the legs with human amnion. Lancet 1:1153-1156, 1980.

73.

Roelens P. Double-blind placebo-controlled study with topical 2% ketanserin ointment in the treatment of venous ulcers. Dermatologica 178:98-102, 1989.

74.

Alvarez OM , Mertz PM , Eaglstein WH The effect of occlusive dressings on collagen synthesis and re-epithelialization in superficial wounds. J Surg Res 35:142-148, 1983.