As a primarily prophylactic operation, the efficacy of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) depends on attaining a complication rate as low as possible. Complications can be classified by time period (periprocedural and late) or type (local and systemic). The authors’ purpose is to describe the incidence of complications associated with CEA, identify causative factors, and suggest steps that can be taken to minimize their occurrence.
Barnett HJ, Taylor DW, Eliaswiz M., et al. Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1415-1425.
2.
European Carotid Surgery Trialist’s Collaborative Group.Randomized trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST). Lancet. 1998;351: 1379-1387.
3.
Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study.Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA. 1995;273:1421-1428.
4.
MRC Asymptomatic CarotidSurgery Collaborative Group.Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endarterectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms: randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;363:1491-1502.
5.
Yadav JS, Wholey MH, Kuntz RE, et al; Stenting and Angioplasty with Protection in Patients in High Risk for Endareterectomy Investigators.Protected carotid-artery stenting versus endarterectomy in high-risk patients . N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1493-1501.
6.
Hopkins LN, Roubin GS, Chakhtoura EY, et al. The Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy vs. Stent Trial: credentialing of interventionalists and final results of the lead-in phase . J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2010;19:153-162.
7.
Mas JL, Trinquart L., Leys D., et al. EVA-3S Investigators.Endarterectomy Versus Angioplasty in Patients with Symptomatic Severe Carotid Stenosis (EVA-3S) trial: results up to 4 years from a randomized, multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:885-892.
8.
Eckstein HH, Ringleb P., Allenberg JR, et al. Results of the Stent-Protected Angioplasty versus Carotid Endarterectomy (SPACE) study to treat symptomatic stenoses at 2 years: a multinational, prospective, randomized trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:893-902.
9.
Greenstein AJ , Chassin MR, Wang J., et al. Association between minor and major surgical complications after carotid endarterectomy: Results of the New York Carotid Artery Surgery Study. J Vasc Surg. 2007;46:1138-1146.
10.
AbuRahma AFOpen surgical revascularization for extra-cranial carotid occlusive disease . In: Zelnock GB, Huber TS, Messina LM, Lumsden AB, Moneta GL, eds. Mastery of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. Philadelphia , PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;2006:209-222.
11.
Barkhordarian S., Dardik A.Preoperative assessment and management to prevent complications during high-risk vascular surgery. Crit Care Med. 2004;4:S174-S185.
12.
Adhiyaman V. , Alexander S.Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome following carotid endarterectomy. QJM. 2007;100: 239-244.
13.
Sternback Y. , Illig KA, Zhang R., et al. Hemodynamic benefits of regional anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg. 2002 ;35:333-339.
14.
O’Brien MS, Ricotta JJConserving resources after carotid endarterectomy, selective use of the intensive care unit. J Vasc Surg. 1991;14:796-802.
15.
Fleisher LA , Eagle KAClinical practice: lowering cardiac risk in non cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med. 2001;345: 1677-1682.
16.
Sidawy AN, Zwolak RM, White RA, Siami FS, Schermerhorn ML, Sicard GA; Outcomes Committee for the Society for Vascular Surgery. Risk-adjusted 30-day outcomes of carotid stenting and endarterectomy: results from the SVS Vascular Registry. J Vasc Surg. 2009;49:71-79.
17.
Bond R., Rerkasem K., Rothwell PMRoutine or selective carotid artery shunting for carotid endarterectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2002;(2):CD000190.
18.
Aburahma A. , Stone PA, Hass SM, et al. Prospective randomized trial of routine vs. selective shunting in carotid endarterectomy based on stump pressure. J Vasc Surg. 2010;51: 1133-1138.
Engelter S. , Lyrer P.Antiplatelet therapy for preventing stroke and other vascular events after carotid endarterctomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(3):CD001458.
21.
Perler BAShould statins be given routinely before carotid endarterectomy? Perspect Vasc Surg Endovasc Ther. 2007; 19:240-245.
22.
Green RM, McNamara J., Ouriel KO, DeWeese JAThe clinical course of residual carotid artery disease. J Vasc Surg. 1991;13:112-119.
23.
Bond R., Rerkasem K., Naylor AR, AbuRahma AF, Rothwell PMSystemic review of randomized controlled trials of patch angioplasty versus primary closure and different types of patch materials during carotid endarterectomy . J Vasc Surg. 2004;40:1126-1135.
24.
Liapis CD, Paraskevas KIRole of residual defects following caroitd endarterectomy in the occurrence of cerebrovascualr symptoms. Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;40: 119-123.
25.
Ricotta JJ, DeWeese JAIs routine carotid ultrasound surveillance after carotid endarterectomy worthwhile ? Am J Surg. 1996;172:140-143.
26.
Pratesi C., Dorigo W., Troisi N., et al. Routine completion angiography during carotid endarterectomy is not mandatory. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007;32:369-373.
27.
Stone DH, Nolan BW, Schanzer A., et al. Protamine reduces bleeding complications associated with CEA without increasing the risk of stroke. J Vasc Surg. 2010;51:559-564.
28.
Hacke W., Donnan G., Fieschi C., et al. Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: pooled analysis of ATLANTIS, ECASS, and NINDS rt-PA stroke trials. Lancet . 2004;363:768-774.
29.
Peer RM, Shah RM, Upson JF, Ricotta JJCarotid exploration for acute postoperative thrombosis. Am J Surg. 1994;168:168-170.
30.
Kresowick TF, Bratzler D., Karp HR, et al. Multistate utilization processes and outcomes of carotid endarterectomy . J Vasc Surg. 2001;33:227-235.
31.
Ricotta JJ, O’Brien MS, DeWeese JANatural history of recurrent and residual stenosis following carotid endarterectomy: implications for postoperative surveillance and surgical management. Surgery. 1992;112:656.
32.
Fredricks H. , Kievit J., Baulen JM, van Bockel JHCarotid recurrent stenosis and risk of ipsilateral stroke: a systematic review of the literature. Stroke. 1998;29:244-250.
33.
Cao P., DeRango P., Zannetti S.Eversion vs. conventional carotid endarterectomy: a systematic review. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2002;23:195-201.
34.
Byrne J., Fenstel P., Darling RC III.Primary closure, routine patching and eversion endarterectomy: what is the current state of the literature supporting these techniques?Semin Vasc Surg. 2007;20:226-235.
35.
Lal BKRecurrent stenosis after CEA and CAS: diagnosis and management. Semin Vasc Surg. 2007;20:259-266.