Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Adding different reinforcements to the polymer composite is gaining more importance in the manufacturing industries because of their variation in mechanical properties. To satisfy modern industrial requirements, the mono-fiber polymer composites are substituted by hybrid composites in civil and automotive applications. The present work is to develop and investigate the hybrid composite behavior reinforced with AISI 304 (500 µm) wire mesh and jute fiber with epoxy LY556 resin. To analyze the mechanical properties of hybrid composites, two different orientations (45° and 90°) of wire mesh are selected and stacked with jute fiber by hand lay-up method. The wire mesh composite or hybrid composite is subjected to mechanical characterization like tensile, flexural, impact, and interlaminar. Subsequently, the viscoelastic behavior of the wire mesh composite is observed in terms of storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E″), and damping factor (tan δ) by the dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMS 6100). The fractured surface microstructure of the wire mesh composite is analyzed by scanning electron microscope. The 45° oriented wire mesh composite sample shows better mechanical properties in ultimate tensile strength (20.55 MPa), flexural strength (0.145 kN), percentage of elongation (2.83%), and interlaminar strength (0.120 kN). At the transition region, the peak energy absorption of 0.622 is observed in the 90° oriented wire mesh composite sample at 0.5 Hz frequency.

Keywords

Hybrid composite dynamic mechanical analysis fiber orientation steel wire mesh jute fiber wire mesh composite

Introduction

Composite materials are the most preferred material for the engineering industries due to their adaptability and their desirable properties for specific application. A wide range of materials are combined to form a composite in the past decade. Among them polymer matrix, metal matrix, and ceramic matrix composites are popular due to their high strength-to-weight ratio than the conventional engineering materials. The reinforcement type and size influence the physical and mechanical properties of the composite materials [1].

Now a days people are interested to develop socially benefited polymer composite materials in order to overcome the drawbacks of synthetic fiber composite. In this aspect, the natural fiber composites are viable solution to minimize/eliminate the ill effects of synthetic fiber composites [2] in structural applications. These composites are the appropriate materials for lightweight applications because of their low density, high mechanical properties, and reduced manufacturing and material costs [3 –5]. The natural fiber composite materials got a greater interest to use in automobile, construction, household things, aerospace, and other general purpose applications than bulk materials [6 –8].

The civil and automobile sectors are majorly benefited by the drastic growth and consumption of natural fiber composites [9,10]. Especially the automotive industries are enthusiastic to introduce lightweight and cost-effective techniques to fulfill their customer’s requirements. The automotive original equipment manufacturers are interested to incorporate natural fiber composite parts for their vehicle to satisfy the modern challenges like emission regulations, fuel efficiency, cost saving, and aesthetics. In addition to that, the consumers are also assessing the vehicle quality through safety and comfort aspects.

Considering these positive aspects, the researchers are motivated to enhance the natural fiber composite properties such as mechanical, thermal, magnetic, viscoelastic, vibration, acoustic, and machining property to match the current requirement and expectation [11 –17]. Comfort and safety of the automobiles are influenced by the key factors like thermal, vibration, noise and harshness [18]. The polymer composites are having their tailorability to satisfy the modern requirements. The natural fiber composites are developed in the form of beams, laminate plates, channels, and boxes by using the fibers (non-woven/woven), fillers reinforced with resin [19]. The compression molding, vacuum infusion, film stacking, filament winding, injection molding, hand lay-up, and pultrusion techniques are used to produce natural fiber composites. The hand lay-up is one of the popular techniques [19 –21].

The physical properties of natural composites are enhanced by different techniques. Despite various techniques, hybridization is a popular technique to meet the automotive industry requirements like lightweight, strength-to-weight ratio, and vibration damping, without compromising the strength of the composite. In natural fiber composite development, the epoxy resins are generally preferred because of their high strength due to less shrinkage, nontoxic, and low cost [22 –24]. Among the various natural fibers, jute is one of the important commercial fibers followed after cotton.

Jute fibers are having diversified uses like covering, binding, and textile applications. From the literature review it has been proved that the jute composite is suitable for property enhancement and commercialization for various engineering applications [25]. The jute fibers are widely preferred for various engineering applications due to its mass production, low cost and high strength [26]. The jute fiber’s chemical and mechanical properties are presented in Table 1. The use of jute composites is limited because it has high water absorption and temperature resistance properties. The chemical treatment of jute fiber increases the mechanical properties, stiffness, and thermal behavior [29,30].

Table 1.

Chemical composition and mechanical properties of jute fiber [27, 28].

	Chemical composition
	Cellulose (%)	Hemicellulose (%)	Pectin (%)	Lignin (%)	Fat/wax (%)	Ash (%)
Jute fiber	64.4	12	11.8	0.2	0.5	0.5–2.1
	Mechanical properties
	Density (g/m³)	Tensile strength (MPa)	Young’s modulus (GPa)	Elongation at break (%)	Water absorption	Specific modulus (GPa)
	1.3–1.5	400–800	10–30	1.8%	10%	6.9–20.7

Perhaps the natural fiber alone is not suitable for various applications due to the nonstable properties and it can be overcome by the hybrid/sandwich composite. The drawbacks of mono-fiber natural composites are eliminated in hybridization technique. In hybrid composite, the combining of fibers, wire mesh, and the type of stacking sequence are added advantages in property enhancement which is very much suitable for automotive and construction applications. The differences in stacking sequence of woven fibers in hybrid composites enhance the mechanical and vibration characteristics [31]. Also, the hybridization improves the dynamic mechanical properties [32,33]. The properties such as storage modulus, loss modulus, and damping factor are examined through dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) [34]. The storage and loss modulus increases with hybrid sisal/glass fibers with polyester [35]. The viscoelastic properties such as storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E″), and damping (tan δ) are examined in the temperature range of 30–200°C. In hybrid composite, the viscoelastic properties (E′, E″, and tan δ) are maximum due to the better adhesion between fiber and matrix for higher percentage of jute fiber. The higher jute fiber loading in the hybrid composite increases the glass transition temperature [36]. The increase of fiber loading in composite enhances the storage modulus. Due to the matrix fiber adhesion, the glass transition temperature increases to the higher value [12].

Primarily, a few works are found in the reinforcement of the composites with stainless steel wire mesh [37]. Considering all the aspects, the authors’ enthusiasm is to develop hybrid composite for automobile application. Subsequently, the effects of steel mesh on jute/epoxy hybrid composites are obtained by mechanical characterization and viscoelastic behavior. The mechanical characterization is performed experimentally to assess the tensile, flexural, impact, and interlaminar properties. The viscoelastic behavior is evaluated by DMA. Finally, the fracture surfaces are selected for analyzing the behavior between the fiber/wire mesh and the matrix by scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Experimental analysis

Fiber and materials

The woven jute fiber is procured as mat form from Jute Association of India, Chennai with a fiber thickness of 0.3 mm. The 1.5 mm² 304 steel wire mesh with 500 mm wire diameter is used as structural reinforcement. LY 556 and HY 956 are selected as resin matrix and hardener, respectively, for the composite preparation.

Composite preparation

The fabrication of composites is carried out in mold of size 400 mm×400 mm×8 mm glass plate. The sticking ability between glass mold and composites is prevented by the application of release agent on the mold surface. Woven jute fiber and wire mesh are prepared to the size of 300 mm × 300 mm and stacked in the sequential order of jute/stainless steel mesh/jute (Figure 1). The epoxy resin is weighed to maintain the ratio of 60:40 with jute fiber/stainless steel wire mesh for both orientations (90° and 45°). The ratio of 10:1 (as per the manufacturer’s recommendation) epoxy LY 556 resin is mixed with a hardener (HY 956) in weight percentage and applied over the jute and steel mesh for every stacking. The hybrid composites are fabricated by hand lay-up technique. Utmost care is taken in fabricating the composites, the thickness of the composite not to exceed 3 ± 0.6 mm. The fiber/mesh stacking sequence and the orientations (90° and 45°) are shown in Figure 1. The composites samples are cured by applying a compressive load of 200 kPa with a solid mass and then it is allowed to cure at room temperature for 24 h.

Figure 1.

Schematic of fiber and steel mesh orientations in hybrid composite.

Mechanical characterization

The hybrid composite mechanical behaviors are assessed by tensile, flexural, interlaminar, and impact test. The specimens are prepared as per the ASTM standards using abrasive water jet machining to avoid the excessive force and delamination of fibers. Subsequently, the fractured surfaces are assessed by SEM to understand the microstructural behavior of the composite.

The tensile property of the hybrid composite is determined by universal testing machine loaded at a uniform crosshead displacement of 3 mm/min and mounted with 2 N rating load cell. The test specimens are prepared (165 mm × 19 mm × 3.4 ± 0.35 mm) according to tensile test standard ASTM D638 (Figure 2). The specimens are loaded up to the rupture point to estimate the ultimate tensile strength at room temperature.

Figure 2.

WMC tensile sample.

The measurement of flexural strength is a complex one. During the assessment of flexural strength, different stresses are acting on top (compression stress), bottom (tensile stress), and middle (shear stress) of the specimen in three-point bending [24,30]. The test specimens are prepared [24] as per the ASTM D790 (100 mm × 12.7 mm × 3.5 mm) standard (Figure 3). The universal testing machine is also used to assess the flexural strength of composite.

Figure 3.

WMC flexural sample.

Engineering materials are subjected to impact loading at different processes like machining, drilling, etc. This effect develops the internal stress in the form of delamination, cracking, and fiber fracture in the composite. The toughness of the hybrid composite is assessed by the impact testing machine and the test specimens are prepared [24] as per ASTM D256 (Figure 4).

Figure 4.

WMC impact sample.

The interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) test is conducted on three specimens of each type laminate as per the ASTM D2344/D2344M-16. The three-point bend test is conducted on the Instron 8801 machine using a crosshead tensile force at a constant loading speed of 1 mm/min and unloading speed of 2 mm/min. The displacement of the specimen is recorded against the applied load. The Juravski formula is used to determine the ILSS. It says that when the beam of rectangular section is subjected to a three-point bending, the maximum interlaminar shear occurs at the mid of the span.

DMA

The dynamic mechanical properties of wire mesh composite (WMC) are analyzed using dynamic mechanical analyzer (Inkarp Japan (DMS 6100)) at the glassy, transition, and rubber regions. The test specimens are prepared as per ASTM D 5023 with the dimensions of 50 mm × 13 mm × 3 mm [24,35]. Experiments are performed in the temperature range of 30–200°C with a heating rate of 2°C/min and an operating frequency of 0.2–5 Hz. The viscoelastic properties like storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E″), and damping factors (tan δ) are measured as a function of time and frequency. The stiffness is an important feature for the engineering material which emphasizes the energy storing characteristics during different loading condition and it is estimated by the term storage modulus (E′) [24].The fiber matrix epoxy composites are having elastic property and the rise in temperature affects the viscoelastic behavior. The energy dissipation is maximum in the transition region and it is represented by loss modulus (E″) [38].

SEM analysis

The composite specimens are thoroughly cleaned and the dust particles are removed for better microstructural image. All the specimens are coated with a thin conductive material (silver) that enables high-resolution images through SEM. The microstructural and fracture surfaces of the WMC samples are examined using a SEM with an accelerating voltage of 15 kV using (CARL ZEISS; Model: EVO MA15). The SEM image reveals the appearance of fractured wire mesh, fiber pullout, fiber fracture, fiber epoxy mixture, and voids in various locations of the hybrid composite under different magnifications (30×, 100×, 150×, and 270×).

Results and discussion

Mechanical characterization

The yield strength of a material can be determined by the stress–strain diagram. Table 2 lists the ultimate tensile strength, percentage of elongation, and yield strength values for the two different orientations of WMCs.

Table 2.

Tensile properties of the WMC samples.

Mesh orientation	90°	45°
Ultimate tensile strength (MPa)	19.55 ± 0.56	20.55 ± 0.98
Yield strength (MPa)	15.13 ± 0.72	19.72 ± 0.83
Percent of elongation	1.43 ± 0.47	2.83 ± 0.36
Maximum strain	2.78 ± 0.22	4.8 ± 0.15

WMC: wire mesh composite.

Figure 5 shows the load versus displacement curves for differently oriented WMCs. A maximum elongation of 2.83 mm is observed in 45° oriented WMC at 0.74 kN load, whereas 1.43 mm is observed in 90° oriented WMC at 0.62 kN load. From the tensile test results it is found that the tensile strength and elongation of 45° oriented WMC showed a higher magnitude than 90° oriented WMC.

Figure 5.

Tensile behavior of WMC samples.

The flexural strength is an important property for a material to measure its bending forces, which is applied perpendicular to its longitudinal axis. The flexural properties of WMC for different orientations (45° and 90°) are summarized in Table 3.

Table 3.

Flexural properties of WMC samples.

Mesh orientation	90°	45°
Ultimate load	0.095 ± 0.01 kN	0.145 ± 0.01 kN
Deflection F_max	3.9 ± 0.5 mm	5.3 ± 0.03 mm
Ultimate stress	3 ± 0.01 MPa	4 ± 0.01 MPa

WMC: wire mesh composite.

The flexural strength of WMC with 45° orientation is higher than 90° oriented composite. The flexural behavior of different oriented WMCs is depicted in Figure 6. The result indicates that the flexural strength of the 90° oriented WMC shows 3.9 mm, whereas 45° WMC shows 5.3 mm. The obtained maximum extension is due to the higher compatibility and good bonding strength between the wire mesh and epoxy resin. The effect of wire mesh at the center has reduced the circumferential stress and thereby increment of flexural strength occurs.

Figure 6.

Flexural behavior of WMC samples.

The interlaminar test is conducted to find the bond strength between fiber, wire mesh, and resin. The interface/interphase strength depends on the adhesion between the jute fiber/wire mesh and epoxy resin. However, the reinforcement of the wire mesh significantly increases the delamination toughness of composite. The composite having 45° orientation shows the enhanced delamination toughness than the other. A typical load–displacement diagram for both 45° and 90° oriented WMC is shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7.

Interlaminar behavior of WMC samples.

The response of differently oriented WMC shows nearly linear at the initial loading stage for both orientations. This trend is same until it reaches an apparent elastic limit and after that the curve starts a decreasing trend. The 90° oriented composite shows a significant decrease in load, just after the peak load. The 45° oriented composite achieved the highest peak load. Table 4 lists the ultimate load, maximum deflection, and ultimate stress of WM composites.

Table 4.

Interlaminar strength of WMC samples.

Mesh orientation	90°	45°
Ultimate load	0.065 ±0.12 kN	0.120 ± 0.02 kN
Deflection F_max	2.3 ± 0.04 mm	2.1 ± 0.09 mm
Ultimate stress	4 ± 0.03 MPa	7 ± 0.27 MPa

WMC: wire mesh composite.

Figure 8 shows the microstructural images of interlaminar behavior of jute fiber/stainless steel wire mesh/epoxy hybrid composites. The 45° oriented composite shows better bonding between the layers of jute fiber and steel wire mesh. The complete resistance to delamination is observed. Some transverse tensile cracks are identified only at the bottom layer of the laminate due to high tensile stress. The 90° composite shows the separation between jute fiber and stainless steel wire mesh. Some tensile cracks are also identified at the bottom layer. Figure 9 illustrates the impact strength of the jute fiber/wire mesh epoxy hybrid composites. The amount of energy absorbed is measured in Joule scale unit for each specimen. The 45° oriented hybrid composites resulted in significant increase in energy absorption than the 90° oriented mesh fiber.

Figure 8.

Interfacial bonding between fiber and the reinforcement in the WMC samples. (a) 45° orientation and (b) 90° orientation.

Figure 9.

Energy absorption of WMC samples.

DMA

The dynamic mechanical properties of WMC are measured using dynamic mechanical analyzer DMS6100 SII (Inkarp) at three different regions like glassy, transition, and rubber region. Initially, three samples are tested and the values are presented by the storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E″), and damping factors (tan δ) as a function of time and frequency. The tests are conducted at three different operating frequencies (0.5, 1, and 5 Hz) and the performances are compared with two different oriented (45° and 90°) hybrid composites. The obtained results (Figures 10 to 13) show the major changes captured at the transition region compared to the glassy and rubber region.

At glassy region, the 45° WMC shows higher storage modulus of 35.5 GPa at 0.5 Hz (Figure 10). The increase in heat input (2°C/min) considerably reduces its storage modulus. Due to high molecular dislocation, the storage modulus drastically reduces in the transition region compared with other regions [24]. From Figure 10, it is observed that the 45° WMC shows high storage modulus in all the three regions than the 90° WMC. The glass transition temperature is also reduced for 45° orientation than 90° (Table 5). The value of storage modulus for different frequencies (0.5, 1, 5 Hz) in these two hybrid composites has slim variations (Table 5).

Figure 10.

Storage modulus of WMC samples at 0.5 Hz frequency.

Table 5.

Amplitude of storage and loss modulus at a different frequency.

Glass transition temperature (Tg)
Wire mesh angle	Storage modulus (E′)			Loss modulus (E″)
45°	72.7°			78.9°
90°	74.1°			77.2°
Peak magnitude
	Storage modulus (GPa)			Loss modulus (GPa)
Frequency	0.5 Hz	1 Hz	5 Hz	0.5 Hz	1 Hz	5 Hz
45°	35.5	35.9	36.3	3.20	3.31	2.98
90°	34.0	34.3	35.0	3.58	3.82	4.06

The 45° WMC exhibits the loss modulus of 1.15 GPa at 0.5 Hz frequency in glassy region, whereas the higher values of loss modulus is found in 90° WMC for the same region. On the other hand, the transition region records the high loss modulus (E″) for 90° oriented WMC (Table 5). This effect is may be due to the drastic drop in the storage modulus values in transition region (Figures 10 to 13). The 45° oriented WMC has a wide curve in the transition and rubber region due to the reinforcement between the fiber, matrix, and wire mesh (Figures 10 to 12). The 45° oriented WMC shows higher loss modulus values in rubber region [38].

Figure 11.

Storage modulus of WMC samples at 1 Hz frequency.

Figure 12.

Storage modulus of WMC samples at 5 Hz frequency.

The damping factor (tan δ) is obtained by relating the storage modulus (E′) and loss modulus (E″) magnitudes (Figure 13). In the glassy region, only a small amount of difference is found in tan δ values, nevertheless in the transition region, the 90° WMC shows high damping factor values for all the frequencies (0.5, 1, and 5 Hz) (Figure 13). The influence of storage modulus in the transition region emphasis the damping factor in the 90° WMC specimen. In the rubber region the change in frequency shifted the damping factor amplitude in the 45° WMC specimen (Table 6). For all the frequency range, 45° WMC has minimum tan δ peak due to the orientation of wire mesh and its difference in storage modulus (E′) and loss modulus (E″) values in the transition region. Further, the polymer dilution reduces the modulus value in the rubber region due to its high temperatures [38].

Figure 13.

Damping factor of WMC samples at a different frequency.

Table 6.

Peak damping factor for different WMC samples.

Wire meshangle	0.5 Hz		1 Hz		5 Hz
Wire meshangle	Temp (°C)	Peak	Temp (°C)	Peak	Temp (°C)	Peak
45°	118.25	0.3227	119.61	0.3165	124.14	0.3098
90°	82.71	0.6224	85.74	0.6108	88.65	0.6019

WMC: wire mesh composite.

Effectiveness constant

The effectiveness of wire mesh on the storage modulus of the hybrid composites can be signified by a factor of η [36]

η = \frac{{(\frac{{E^{'}}_{g}}{{E^{'}}_{r}})}_{Composite}}{{(\frac{{E^{'}}_{g}}{{E^{'}}_{g}})}_{Epoxy}}

(1)

where the storage modulus of the composite or epoxy resins is represented by the E′ _g and E′ _r in the glassy and rubber region, respectively. The lower value η shows (Table 7) the higher efficiency of wire mesh reinforcement.

Table 7.

Effectiveness of the wire mesh at different angles.

Wire mesh angle	Effectiveness constant (η)
45°	0.7901
90°	0.8237

SEM analysis

The SEM images of the steel WMC specimens (Figure 14(a) to (f)) reveal fiber failure during tensile and flexural testing. The orientation of the wire mesh makes highly anisotropic in all directions, i.e. in 45° orientation, the mesh wires are act as transverse to the fiber orientation at the surfaces. The zig-zag crack failure is found due to transverse orientation of the wire mesh [39], whereas the wire mesh oriented in the longitudinal direction shows cleavage mode of failure (Figure 14(d) to (f)). The interfaces, de-bonding, wire mesh, and fiber pullouts are analyzed through fracture surfaces. Figure 14(a) to (f) indicates a small amount of fiber pullout and fiber breakage is found at few regions, which necessitates a strong interface occurs between the fiber and matrix.

Figure 14.

SEM images of 90° WMC sample (a) to (c) and 45° WMC sample (d) to (f).

Conclusion

In this work, the mechanical behavior (tensile, flexural, impact, and interlaminar) and DMA analysis of 45° and 90° oriented wire mesh hybrid composites are studied.

The flexural strength has been increased to 34% in the 45° oriented wire mesh hybrid composite sample than 90° oriented sample. Moreover, 26% of deflection is noticed in 45° oriented wire mesh sample.

The reinforcement of the wire mesh significantly increased the delamination toughness of the composite. The 45° oriented WMC has shown significant values increased in energy absorption than 90° oriented WMC.

The 45° oriented WMC exhibits higher storage modulus (35.5 GPa) and lower loss modulus (1.15 GPa) at 0.5 Hz frequency in the glassy region.

In the transition region, 90° oriented WMC results in high damping factor of 0.061 at 0.5 Hz frequency.

The higher reinforcement efficiency is found for 45° oriented WMC due to lower value of effectiveness constant.

Overall, the study revealed that the 45° oriented WMC shows better mechanical and DMA properties compared to 90° oriented WMC.

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

References

Senthil Kumar

Prabu

Rajamurugan

, et al. Comparative analysis of particle size on the mechanical and metallurgical characteristics of Al₂O₃-reinforced sintered and extruded AA2014 nano-hybrid composite. J Comp Mater 2019; 53: 4369–4384.

Sathishkumar

Navaneetha krishnan

Shankar

Characterization of natural fiber and composites – a review. J Reinf Plast Compos 2013; 32: 1457–1476.

Chawla

Bastos

AC.

The mechanical properties of jute fiber and polyester/jute composites. Mech Behav Mater 1979; 3: 191–196.

Karunagaran

Rajadurai

Saravanan

Improvement of the interlaminar shear strength on surface modified glass fiber/stainless steel wire mesh reinforced hybrid composites. Int J ChemTech Res 2017; 10: 337–346.

Karunagaran

Rajadurai

Effect of surface treatment on mechanical properties of glass fiber/stainless steel wire mesh reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. J Mech Sci Technol 2016; 30: 2475–2482.

Matalkah

Bharadwaj

Soroushian

, et al. Development of sandwich composite for building construction with locally available materials. Constr Build Mater 2017; 147: 380–387.

BotelhoI

Silva

RA.

A review on the development and properties of continuous fiber/epoxy/aluminum hybrid composites for aircraft structures. Mater Res 2006; 9: 247–256.

Faris

Oqla

Sapuan

SM.

Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites in industrial applications: feasibility of date palm fibers for sustainable automotive industry. J Clean Prod 2014; 6: 347–354.

Maldas

Kokta

BV.

Composites of chlorinated polyethylene wood fibers. J Reinf Plast Compos 1995; 14: 458–470.

10.

Kokta

BV.

Use of wood fibers in thermoplastic composites. Polym News 1988; 13: 331–339.

11.

Wang

Pattarachaiyakoop

, et al. A review on the tensile properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. Compos Part B Eng 2011; 42: 856–873.

12.

Hameed

Sreekumar

Francis

, et al. Morphology, dynamic mechanical and thermal studies on poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) modified epoxy resin/glass fiber composites. Compos Part A 2007; 38: 2422–2432.

13.

Al-Sehemi

Al-Ghamdi

Dishovsky

NT.

Analysis of the electrical and magnetic properties of elastomeric composites and their applicability in small flexible wearable antennas. Mater Res Express 2017; 4: 076304.

14.

Prashanth

Basava

Vibration analysis of natural hybrid composites by experimental approach. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 2018; 376: 012050.

15.

Nassar

MMA

Arunachalam

Alzebdeh

KI.

Machinability of natural fiber reinforced composites: a review. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 2017; 88: 2985–3004.

16.

Kumar

Ganesan

Sethuraman

Vibro-acoustic analysis of composite circular disc with various orthotropic properties. J Comp Acoust 2009; 17: 113–134.

17.

Dalbehera

Acharya

SK.

Effect of cenosphere addition on the mechanical properties of jute-glass fiber hybrid epoxy composites. J Ind Text 2015; 46: 177–188.

18.

Grechishnikov

Gumerov

MI.

A composites with improved absorption of noise and vibration. Russ Eng Res 2017; 37: 919–924.

19.

Sanjay

Madhu

Jawaid

, et al. Characterization and properties of natural fiber polymer composites: a comprehensive review. J Clean Prod 2018; 172: 566–581.

20.

Khondker

Ishiaku

Nakai

, et al. A novel processing technique for thermoplastic manufacturing of unidirectional composites reinforced with jute yarns. Compos Part A Appl Sci 2006; 37: 2274–2284.

21.

Yan

Chouw

Yuan

XW.

Improving the mechanical properties of natural fiber fabric reinforced epoxy composites by alkali treatment. J Reinf Plast Compos 2012; 31: 425–437.

22.

Senthilkumar

Saba

Chandrasekar

, et al. Evaluation of mechanical and free vibration properties of the pineapple leaf fiber reinforced polyester composites. Constr Build Mater 2019; 195: 423–431.

23.

Mohanty

Misra

Studies on jute composite – a literature review. Polym Plast Technol Eng 1995; 34: 729–792.

24.

Arulmurugan

Prabu

Rajamurugan

, et al. Impact of BaSO₄ filler on woven aloevera/hemp hybrid composite: dynamic mechanical analysis. Mater Res Express 2019; 6: 1–13.

25.

Gibson

RF.

Constituent materials and properties. 2nd ed. London and New York: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2010, pp.41–70.

26.

Gassan

Bledzki

AK.

Possibilities for improving the mechanical properties of jute/epoxy composites by alkali treatment of fibers. Compos Sci Technol 1999; 59: 1303–1309.

27.

Mohammed

Ansari

MNM

Pua

, et al. A review on natural fiber reinforced polymer composite and its applications. Int J Polym Sci 2015; Article 243947. DOI: 10.1155/2015/243947.

28.

Nirmal

Hashim

Megat Ahmad

MMH.

A review on tribological performance of natural fiber polymeric composites. Tribol Int 2015; 83: 77–104.

29.

Rahmana

Huqueb

Islamb

, et al. Improvement of physico-mechanical properties of jute fiber reinforced polypropylene composites by post-treatment. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 2008; 39: 1739–1747.

30.

Muc

Zuchara

Sandwich plates-free vibrations and damping analysis. Mech Compos Mater 1998; 34: 203–211.

31.

Sathishkumar

Naveen

Navaneetha krishnan

, et al. Characterization of sisal/cotton fiber woven mat reinforced polymer hybrid composites. J Ind Text 2016; 47: 429–452.

32.

Jacob

Francis

Thomas

, et al. Dynamical mechanical analysis of sisal/oil palm hybrid fiber-reinforced natural rubber composites. Polym Compos 2006; 27: 671–680.

33.

Tang

Yan

A review on the damping properties of fiber reinforced polymer composites. J Ind Text. Epub ahead of print 19 August 2018. DOI: 10.1177/1528083718795914.

34.

Jayanarayanan

Thomas

Joseph

Effect of blend ratio on the dynamic mechanical and thermal degradation behavior of polymer–polymer composites from low-density polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate. Iran Polym J 2016; 25: 373–384.

35.

Ornaghi

Jr Bolner

Fiorio

, et al. Mechanical and dynamic mechanical analysis of hybrid composites molded by resin transfer molding. J Appl Polym Sci 2010; 118: 887–896.

36.

Gupta

MK.

Thermal and dynamic mechanical analysis of hybrid jute/sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composite

. Proc IMechE, Part L: J Materials: Design and Applications 2016; 232: 743–748.

37.

Huagui

Jichao

Wenwen

Mechanical properties and reinforced mechanism of the stainless steel wire mesh-reinforced Al-matrix composite plate fabricated by twin-roll casting. Adv Mech Eng 2017; 9: 1–9.

38.

Arulmurugan

Prabu

Rajamurugan

, et al. Viscoelastic behavior of aloevera/hemp/flax sandwich laminate composite reinforced with BaSO4: dynamic mechanical analysis. J Ind Text 4 June 2019. Epub ahead of print 4 June 2019. DOI: 10.1177/1528083719852312

39.

Haghighatnia

Abbasian

Morshedian

Hemp fiber reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composite: an investigation in mechanical properties. Ind Crops Prod 2017; 108: 853–863.

Dynamic mechanical characteristics of jute fiber and 304 wire mesh reinforced epoxy composite

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Experimental analysis

Fiber and materials

Composite preparation

Mechanical characterization

DMA

SEM analysis

Results and discussion

Mechanical characterization

DMA

Effectiveness constant

SEM analysis

Conclusion

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interests

Funding

References