This study examines how media representations of Palestinian–Israelis differ between broadcast media outlets and their social networking sites, using the “capabilities approach” as the theoretical framework. The study presents a quantitative content analysis comparison of the frequency and context of appearances of Palestinian–Israeli interviewees on all news and current affairs programs broadcast on the five major Israeli broadcast networks over twelve months, as well as the simultaneous appearances of the interviewees on the programs’ Facebook and Twitter accounts. The results suggest that social networking sites of broadcast media are more enabling of capabilities for Palestinian–Israelis relative to the broadcast media themselves. Thus, with changing consumption patterns and technological developments, this analysis points to the importance of examining social networks in addition to traditional broadcast platforms, for a more comprehensive understanding of which capabilities are enabled through traditional mass media as they expand their reach to new technologies.
Abu KafGhaliaSchejterAmitJaffarMuhammad Abu. 2019. “The Bedouin Divide.” Telecommunications Policy43(7):101810. doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2019.02.004.
2.
AhmedSaifuddinMatthesJorg. 2017. “Media Representation of Muslims and Islam from 2000 to 2015: A Meta-analysis.” International Communication Gazette79 (3): 219–44.
3.
AnastasiouAndreas. 2016. “Dynamics of News Selection in Different Socio-cultural Contexts: Theoretical and Methodological Issues.” For(e)dialogue1 (1): 95–107.
4.
BardoelJohannesd’HaenensLeen. 2008. “Reinventing Public Service Broadcasting in Europe: Prospects, Promises and Problems.” Media, Culture & Society30 (3): 337–355.
5.
Bar-levYehuda. 2007. “Minority Representations in Public Broadcasting.” MA thesis. Beer-Sheva: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. [Hebrew]
6.
BasuKaushikLopez-CalvaLuis F.2011. “Functionings and Capabilities.” In Handbook of Social Choice and Welfare Vol. 2, edited by ArrowKenneth J.SenAmartyaSuzumuraKotaro, 153–87. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
7.
BjornstromE. EileenKaufmanRobert L.PetersonRuth D.SlaterMichael D.2010. “Race and Ethnic Representations of Lawbreakers and Victims in Crime News: A National Study of Television Coverage.” Social Problems57 (2): 269–93.
Chin-FookLianneSimmondsHeather. 2013. “Redefining Gatekeeping Theory for a Digital Generation.” The McMaster Journal of Communication8: 7–34.
11.
ClawsonA. RosaleeTriceRakuya. 2000. “Poverty as We Know It: Media Portrayals of the Poor.” Public Opinion Quarterly64 (1): 53–64.
12.
CohenNirCzamanskiDanielHefetzAmir. 2015. “Internal Migration of Ethno-national Minorities: The Case of Palestinians in Israel.” International Migration53 (6): 74–88.
13.
Cohen-AlmagorRaphael. 2015. “Israeli Democracy and the Rights of its Palestinian Citizens.” Ragion Practica2:351–68.
14.
CouldryNick. 2010. Why Voice Matters: Culture and Politics after Neoliberalism. London: Sage.
15.
DixonL. TravisLinzDaniel. 2000. “Race and the Misrepresentation of Victimization on Local Television News.” Communication Research27 (5): 547–73.
16.
EpsteinDmitryNisbetErik C.GillespieTarleton. 2011. “Who’s Responsible for the Digital Divide? Public Perceptions and Policy Implications.” The Information Society27 (2): 92–104.
17.
EshetYoram. 2004. “Digital Literacy: A Conceptual Framework for Survival in the Digital Era.” Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia13 (1): 93–106.
18.
FirstAnat. 2016. “Common Sense, Good Sense, and Commercial TV.” International Journal of Communication10 (1): 1–20.
19.
FirstAnatInbar-LankeriHavi. 2013. The Absent and the Present in Prime Time, Follow-Up. Jerusalem: The Second Authority for Television and Local Radio. [Hebrew]
20.
GanayemAsmaaRafaeliSheizafAzaizaFaisal. 2009. “The Digital Divide: Internet Usage in the Arab Society in Israel.” Megamot46 (1–2): 164–96.
21.
GeorgeJ. JordanaLeidnerDorothy. 2018. “Why Marginalized Groups Struggle to Leverage Digital Activism.” Americas Conference for Information Systems in New Orleans, LA.
22.
GerbnerGeorgeGrossLarry. 1976. “Living with Television: The Violence Profile.” Journal of Communication26 (2): 172–94.
23.
GreerJenniferYanYan. 2010. “New Ways of Connecting with Readers: How Community Newspapers are Using Facebook, Twitter and Other Tools to Deliver the News.” Grassroots Editor51 (3): 1–7.
24.
HelsperEllen. 2012. “A Corresponding Fields Model for the Links between Social and Digital Exclusion.” Communication Theory22 (4): 403–26.
25.
HesmondhalghDavid. 2016a. “Capitalism and the Media: Moral Economy, Well-Being and Capabilities.” Media, Culture & Society39 (2): 202–18.
26.
HesmondhalghDavid.2016b. “Television, Quality of Life and the Value of Culture.” Submission to the Puttnam Inquiry on Public Service for the Twenty First Century.
27.
JacobsLaura. 2016. “Patterns of Criminal Threat in Television News Coverage of Ethnic Minorities in Flanders (2003–2013).” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies43 (5): 809–29.
28.
JacobsonThomas L.2016. “Amartya Sen’s Capabilities Approach and Communication for Development and Social Change.” Journal of Communication66 (5): 789–810.
29.
KalevAlexandraKofeferHannaAlfendriYafitGinatAyala. 2016. The Diversity Index: Representation and Income in the Israeli Private Sector. Commission for Equal Opportunities at the Workplace, Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, and the Central Bureau of Statistics. [Hebrew]
30.
KamaAmit. 2015. “Injuring Images: Media Representations of Disabled People.” In From Exclusion to Inclusion: Life in the Community for People with Disabilities in Israel, edited by HovavMeirDuvdevanyIlanaFeldmanClara, 181–213. Jerusalem: Carmel. [Hebrew]
31.
KaplanM. AndreasHaenleinMichael. 2010. “Users of the World Unite! The Challenges and Opportunities of Social Media.” Business Horizons53 (1): 59–68.
32.
KleinHughShiffmanKenneth S.2009. “Underrepresentation and Symbolic Annihilation of Socially Disenfranchised Groups (‘Out Groups’) in Animated Cartoons.” Howard Journal of Communications20 (1): 55–72.
33.
KnudsenErik. 2014. “Media Effects as a Two-Sided Field: Comparing Theories and Research of Framing and Agenda Setting.” In Media Practice and Everyday Agency in Europe, edited by KrampLeifCarpentierNicoHeppAndreasTrivundžaIlija Tomanić, 207–16. Bremen, Germany: Edition Lumière.
34.
LacyStephenRiffeDaniel. 1996. “Sampling Error and Selecting Intercoder Reliability Samples for Nominal Content Categories.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly73 (4): 963–73.
35.
LaorNehamaElephant-LeflerNoaAvrahamEliFirstAnat. 2004. The Absent and the Present in Prime Time, Follow-Up. Jerusalem: The Second Authority for Television and Local Radio. [Hebrew]
36.
LaorNehamaElephant-LeflerNoaInbar-LankeriHaviJamalAmalNeria-Ben-ShacharRivkaEliasNellySokerOrly. 2006. The Absent and the Present in Prime Time, Follow-Up. Jerusalem: The Second Authority for Television and Local Radio. [Hebrew]
37.
LinJeffreyPhillipsScott. 2014. “Media Coverage of Capital Murder: Exceptions Sustain the Rule.” Justice Quarterly31 (5): 934–59.
38.
MacnamaraJim R.2005. “Media Content Analysis: Its Uses, Benefits and Best Practice Methodology.” Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal6 (1): 1.
39.
MahtaniMinelle. 2001. “Representing Minorities: Canadian Media and Minority Identities.” Canadian Ethnic Studies33 (3): 99–133.
40.
MannRafiLev-OnAzi. 2017. Annual Report: The Israeli Media in 2016 Agendas, Uses and Trends. Ariel: Institute for the Study of New Media, Politics and Society.
41.
MastroE. DanaBehm-MorawitzElizabeth. 2005. “Latino Representation on Primetime Television.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly82 (1): 110–30.
42.
MastroE. DanaRobinsonAmanda L.2000. “Cops and crooks: Images of minorities on primetime television.” Journal of Criminal Justice28 (5): 385–96.
43.
McKinleyJ. ChristopherMastroDanaWarberKatie M.2014. “Social Identity Theory as a Framework for Understanding the Effects of Exposure to Positive Media Images of Self and Other on Intergroup Outcomes.” International Journal of Communication8 (1): 1049–68.
44.
MehradJafarTajerPegah. 2016. “Uses and Gratification Theory in Connection with Knowledge and Information Science: A Proposed Conceptual Model.” International Journal of Information Science and Management14 (2): 1–14.
45.
MelerTal. 2016. “Finding the Keys to Autonomy: Educated Palestinian–Israeli Single Women Migrating South in Search of Work.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs36 (4): 465–83.
46.
MeschS. GustavoTalmudIlan. 2011. “Ethnic Differences in Internet Access.” Information, Communication & Society14 (4): 445–71.
47.
MeyersMarian. 2004. “African American Women and Violence: Gender, Race, and Class in the News.” Critical Studies in Media Communication21 (2): 95–118.
48.
MoyPatriciaTewksburyDavidRinkeEike M.2016. “Agenda-Setting, Priming, and Framing.” In The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy, edited by JensenKlaus B.CraigRobert T.PooleyJefferson D.RothenbuhlerEric W., 52–64. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
49.
NielsenK. RasmusSambrookRichard. 2016. What Is Happening to Television News?Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
50.
NussbaumMartha C.1997. “Capabilities and Human Rights.” Fordham Law Review66:273–300.
51.
NussbaumMartha C.2011. Creating Capabilities. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
52.
Oeldorf-HirschAnneSundarS. Shyam. 2015. “Posting, Commenting, and Tagging: Effects of Sharing News Stories on Facebook.” Computers in Human Behavior44:240–49.
53.
O’ShaughnessyMichael. 1990. “Box Pop: Popular Television and Hegemony.” In Under-standing Television, edited by AndrewGoodwinWhannelGarry, 88–102. London: Routledge.
54.
PetersenNick. 2016. “Neighborhood Context and Media Constructions of Murder: A Multilevel Analysis of Homicide Newspaper Coverage in Los Angeles County.” Homicide Studies20 (1): 25–52.
55.
PrielerMichaelKohlbacherFlorianHagiwaraShigeruArimaAkie. 2015. “The representation of older people in television advertisements and social change: The case of Japan.” Ageing & Society35 (4): 865–87.
56.
PritchardDavidHughesKaren D.1997. “Patterns of Deviance in Crime News.” Journal of Communication47 (3): 49–67.
57.
ScannellPaddy. 1990. “Public Service Broadcasting: The History of a Concept.” In Understanding Television, edited by AndrewGoodwinWhannelGarry, 11–29. London: Routledge.
58.
SchejterAmit. 2008. “‘The Stranger That Dwelleth with You Shall Be unto You as One Born among You’—Israeli Media Law and the Cultural Rights of the ‘Palestinian-Israeli’ Minority.” Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication1 (2): 156–79.
59.
SchejterAmit. 2009. Muting Israeli Democracy: How Media and Cultural Policy Undermine Free Expression. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
60.
SchejterAmit. 2013. “‘I Live as an Alien in the Land; Do Not Hide Your Commandments from Me.’ The Regulation of Media for and by the Palestinian-Israeli Minority.” In Media and Ethnic Minorities in the Holy Land, edited by CaspiDanEliasNelly, 117–35. London: Vallentine Mitchell.
61.
SchejterAmitBeh-HarushOritTiroshNoam. 2018. “Nothing Is Ever Truly New.” In Digital Inclusion: An International Comparative Analysis, edited by RagneddoMassimoMutsvairoBruce, 147–66. New York: Lexington.
62.
SchejterAmitTiroshNoam. 2016. A Justice-based Approach for New Media Policy: In the Paths of Righteousness. New York: Springer.
63.
SchnellIzhakDiabAhmed A. B.BenensonItzhak. 2015. “A Global Index for Measuring Socio-spatial Segregation versus Integration.” Applied Geography58:179–88.
64.
SchnellIzhakHaj-YahyaNasreen. 2014. “Arab Integration in Jewish-Israeli Social Space: Does Commuting Make a Difference?” Urban Geography35 (7): 1084–104.
65.
SenAmartya. 1985. “‘Rights as Goals’: Austin Lecture to the U.K. Association for Legal and Social Philosophy.” In Equality and Discrimination: Essays in Freedom and Justice, edited by GuestStephenMilneAlan, 11–26. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.
66.
SenAmartya. 1993. “Capability and Well-being.” In The Quality of Life, edited by NussbaumMarthaSenAmartya, 30–53. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
67.
SenAmartya. 1999. “Democracy as a Universal Value.” Journal of Democracy10 (3): 3–17.
68.
SenAmartya. 2005. “Human Rights and Capabilities.” Journal of Human Development6 (2): 151–66.
69.
ShomronBaruchSchejterAmit. 2019. “‘He Too Will Become a Nation and He Too Will Become Great’: The Information Needs of the ‘Bnei Menashe’ Immigrant Community in Israel as Capability.” International Communication Gazette.
70.
SkoricM. MarkoPoorNathaniel. 2013. “Youth Engagement in Singapore: The Interplay of Social and Traditional Media.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media57 (2): 187–204.
71.
TuchmanGaye. 1979. “Women’s Depiction by the Mass Media.” Signs4 (3): 528–42.
72.
TukachinskyRivaMastroDanaYarchiMoran. 2015. “Documenting Portrayals of Race/Ethnicity on Primetime Television Over a 20-Year Span and Their Association with National-Level Racial/Ethnic Attitudes.” Journal of Social Issues71 (1): 17–38.
73.
van DeursenJ. Alexandervan DijkA. Jam. 2019. “The First-level Digital Divide Shifts from Inequalities in Physical Access to Inequalities in Material Access.” New Media & Society, 21 (2): 354–75.
74.
Van DijkTeun A.2000. “New(s) Racism: A Discourse Analytical Approach.” In Ethnic Minorities and the Media, edited by CottleSimon, 33–49. Milton Keynes, UK: Open University Press.
75.
VoorheesC. CourteVickJohnPerkinsDouglas D.2007. “‘Came Hell and High Water’: The Intersection of Hurricane Katrina, the News Media, Race and Poverty.” Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology17 (6): 415–29.
76.
WangWeize.2011. “A Content Analysis of Reliability in Advertising Content Analysis Studies.” Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper1375.
77.
WeaverH. DavidWillnatLars. 2016. “Changes in US Journalism: How Do Journalists Think about Social Media?” Journalism Practice10 (7): 844–55.
78.
WestermanDavidSpenceR. PatricVan Der HeideBrandon. 2014. “Social Media as Information Source: Recency of Updates and Credibility of Information.” Journal of Computer Mediated Communication19 (2): 171–83.
79.
YiftachelOren. 2012. “Creeping Apartheid in Palestine/Israel.” Middle Eastern Research and Information27:7–37.
80.
ZhangPeter H.2013. Digital Divides and Socio-demographic Factors: A Longitudinal Quantitative Study of Internet Users in U.S. from 2000 to 2010. Ann Arbor: Capella University.
