This article documents the history of online journalism, charting its rise with the internet boom of the mid-1990s and its subsequent decline and stabilization within the present news media market. This history is situated within the larger trajectories of contemporary journalism, paying particular attention to changes in the existing political economic structure of the industry as it assumes digital form, the resultant variations in content and presentation, and the implications for the health of the free press. In the final analysis, this article argues that the move to an online format has exacerbated negative trends that have dogged print journalism for decades. It also extends an existing critique of hyper-commercial journalism by developing the arguments to treat the new institutions and conventions of the digital marketplace.
Anzur, Terry. 2002. If You Build It, Will They Care?Online Journalism Review,2 April. Retrieved from http://www.ojr.org/ojr/business/p1017776844.php.
2.
Bagdikian, Ben. 2000. The Media Monopoly. 6th ed.Boston: Beacon.
3.
Barringer, Felicity, and Alex Kuczynski. 2000. Net Journalism Tries to Regroup after Layoffs and Setbacks. New York Times, 12 June, C1.
4.
Borjesson, Kristina, ed. 2002. Into the Buzzsaw. New York: Prometheus.
5.
Breckenridge, Patti. 2000. Wanted: A 21st Century Journalist. Nieman Reports54 (4): 25-27.
6.
Canadian Journalists for Free Expression. 2002. Not in the Newsroom. Retrieved from http://www.cjfe.org/specials/canwest/canwintro.html.
7.
Carey, James. 1997. The Press, Public Opinion, and Public Discourse: On the Edge of the Postmodern. In James Carey: A Critical Reader, edited by Eve Stryker Munson and Catherine A. Warren, 228-257. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
8.
Carey, James. 1999. In Defense of Public Journalism. In The Idea of Public Journalism, edited by T. Glasser, 49-66. New York: Guildford.
9.
Carr, Forrest. 2002a. The Tampa Model of Convergence. Poynter Convergence Studies, 1 May.
10.
Carr, Forrest. 2002b. The Truth about Convergence. Poynter Convergence Studies,1 May.
11.
Castells, Manuel. 2001. The Internet Galaxy. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
12.
Charging for Access Doesn’t Slow Growth of Newspaper Websites. 2002. Mediapost, 9 April. Retrieved from http://www.mediapost.com/dtls_dsp_news.cfm?newsID=113288.
13.
Dizikes, Peter. 2002. Is the Free Ride Over?ABCNEWS.com, 2 April. Retrieved from http://more.abcnews.go.com/sections/business/dailynews/freeinternet020402.html.
14.
Downie, Leonard, Jr., and Robert G. Kaiser. 2002. The News about the News. New York: Knopf.
15.
Farhi, Paul. 2000a. Surviving in Cyberspace. American Journalism Review22 (7): 23-27.
16.
Farhi, Paul. 2000b. A Tough Sell. American Journalism Review22 (5): 35-39.
17.
Finberg, Howard, and Martha L. Stone. 2001. Digital Journalism Credibility Study. Online News Association. Retrieved from http://www.journalists.org/Programs/ona_credibilitystudy2001report.pdf.
18.
Freeland, Chrystia. 2002. Delivering the News You Need in New Ways. Retrieved 19 May 2002 from FT.com.
19.
Fuller, Jack. 2000. Merging Media to Create an Interactive Market. Nieman Reports54 (4): 33-35.
20.
Garnham, Nicholas. 2000. Emancipation, the Media, and Modernity. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
21.
Gates, Dominic. 2002. Newspapers in the Digital Age. Online Journalism Review,1 May. Retrieved from http://www.ojr.org/ojr/future/1020298748.php.
22.
Gross, Terry, and David Talbot. 2000. Transcript of “Fresh Air” Interview, 14 June 2000, WHHY.
23.
Haiman, Robert. 2001. Smart Conference. Retrieved 28 February 2001 from Poynter.org.
24.
Hall, Jim. 2001. Online Journalism: A Critical Primer. London: Pluto.
25.
Harper, Christopher. 1998. And That’s the Way It Will Be. New York: New York University Press.
26.
Herman, Edward. 1998. The Propaganda Model Revisited. In Capitalism and the Information Age. New York: Monthly Review Press.
27.
Katz, John. 1995. The Age of Paine. Wired, May. Retrieved from http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/3.05/paine.html.
28.
Katz, John. 2001. The Age of Paine Revisited. Slashdot, December. Retrieved from http://www.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=01/12/04/1737234&mode=thread.
29.
Khan, Mickey Alam. 2002. Online Publishers Search for New Revenue Streams. DMNews, 22 April. Retrieved from http://www.dmnews.com/cgi-bin/artprevbot.cgi?article_id=20136.
30.
King, Katie. 2000. The Wired Revolution. Nieman Reports54 (4): 50.
31.
Klein, Jonathan. 2000. Broadband Technology Brings News Video to the Web. Nieman Reports54 (4): 47-49.
32.
Kovach, Bill, and Tom Rosenstiel. 2001. The Elements of Journalism. New York: Crown Publishers.
33.
Kramer, Staci D.2002. What’s Changed? Everything and Nothing. Online Journalism Review, 28 March. Retrieved from http://www.ojr.org/ojr/kramer/p1017382373.php.
34.
Kurtz, Howard. 2001. Is Online Journalism on Its Way Out?Washington Post,21 February, C1.
35.
Lasica, J. D.2002a. After the Meltdown. Online Journalism Review, 25 March. Retrieved from http://www.ojr.org/ojr/future/p1017079354.php.
36.
Lasica, J. D.2002b. Independents Day. Online Journalism Review, 4 April. Retrieved from http://www.ojr.org/ojr/workplace/p1017771181.php.
37.
Lasica, J. D.2002c. The Promise of the Daily Me. Online Journalism Review, 2 April. Retrieved from http://www.ojr.org/ojr/ethics/p1017779142.php.
38.
Lasica, J. D.2002d. The Rise of Digital News Networks. Online Journalism Review,11 April. Retrieved from http://www.ojr.org/ojr/lasica/p1018588363.php.
39.
Lasica, J. D.2002e. The Second Coming of Personalized News. Online Journalism Review, 2 April. Retrieved from http://www.ojr.org/ojr/lasica/1017779244.php.
40.
Lessig, Lawrence. 2001. The Future of Ideas. New York: Random House.
41.
Mangalindan, Mylene. 2002. No More Free Lunch. Wall Street Journal Online, 15 April. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/0,,SB1018650941891114320.djm,00.html.
42.
Mayer, Caroline E.2002. Consumers Union Chief Emphasizes Web Site. Washtech.com, 3 April. Retrieved from http://www.washtech.com.
43.
Maynard, Nancy. 2000a. Digitization and the News. Nieman Reports54 (4): 11-13.
44.
Maynard, Nancy. 2000b. Mega Media: How Market Forces Are Transforming News. Victoria, BC: Trafford.
45.
McChesney, Robert W.2000. Rich Media, Poor Democracy. New York: New Press.
46.
McGill, Kevin. 2002. Newspaper Execs Mull Industry Future. Associated Press, 1 May. Retrieved from http://biz.yahoo.com/ap/020501/naa_future_2.html.
Palast, Greg. 2002. The Best Democracy Money Can Buy. London: Pluto.
49.
Palser, Barb. 2002. Advertorial with a Twist. American Journalism Review, May. Retrieved from http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=2510.
50.
Pavlik, John V.2001. Journalism and New Media. New York: Columbia University Press.
51.
Piller, Charles. 2000. Web News Sites Fail to Click. Los Angeles Times, 18 August, A1.
52.
Pryor, Larry. 2002. The Third Wave of Online Journalism. Online Journalism Review, 18 April. Retrieved from http://www.ojr.org/ojr/future/p1019174689.php.
Richardson, Dan. 2001. News Weeklies: Finding the Numbers. Online Journalism Review, 26 September. Retrieved from http://www.ojr.org/ojr/trends/p1015016916.php.
55.
Rowse, Arthur E.2000a. Drive-by Journalism: The Assault on Your Need to Know. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press.
56.
Rowse, Arthur E.2000b. Taming Online News for Wall Street. Nieman Reports54 (4): 19-21.
57.
Saunders, Christopher. 2002. NYTimes.com Debuts Day parts. Retrieved 3 June 2002 from NewYork.com.
58.
Shepard, Alicia C.2000. Get BIG or Get OUT. American Journalism Review22 (2): 22-29.
59.
Simmons, Lisa. 2002. BBC World Service Ties Up with New York Times Digital. Revolution, 3 April. Retrieved from http://www.revolutionmagazine.com/print.cfm?r=1&id=86874&dir=news.
60.
Small, Jay. 2000. Economics 101 of Internet News. Nieman Reports54 (4): 41-42.
61.
Sorid, Daniel. 2002. Political Chat Becomes Barroom Brawl on the Web, 14 April. Retrieved from http://reuters.com/news_article.jhtml?type=internetnews&StoryID=812439%23.
62.
Stevens, Jane. 2002. TBO.com: The Folks with the Arrows in Their Backs. Online Journalism Review, 3 April. Retrieved from http://www.ojr.org/ojr/workplace/1017858030.php.
63.
Tompkins, Al. 2002a. Bridging TV and Cable in New England. Poynter Convergence Studies,1May.
