The aim of this article is to extend the standard neoclassical consumer theory to explain the allocation of individual time to physical activity and sports. The authors assume a Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) utility function and they estimate the model using the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) method and the Heckman two-step procedure. They run separate estimates for men and women using the Spanish Time-Use Survey conducted in 2002-2003. The results show that there are gender differences in the determinants of the allocation of time to physical activity. Moreover, participation in physical activity and sports and the time devoted to these activities seem to be based on different decisions.
AlexandrisK.CarrollB. (1999). Constraints on recreational sport participation in adults in Greece: Implications for providing and managing sport services. Journal of Sport Management, 13, 317–332.
2.
AndreffW.NysJ. F. (2001). Économie du sportParis, France: PUF.
3.
ArrufatJ. L.ZabalzaA. (1986). Female labor supply with taxation, random preferences, and optimization errors. Econometrica, 54, 47–63.
4.
BarberN.HavitzM. E. (2001). Canadian participation rates in ten sport and fitness activities. Journal of Sport Management, 15, 51–76.
5.
BeckerG. S. (1965). A theory of the allocation of time. The Economic Journal, 75, 493–517.
6.
BloomM.GrantM.WattD. (2005). Strengthening Canada. The socio-economic benefits of sport participation in Canada. The Conference Board of Canada. Report August 2005. Retrieved September 20, 2007, fromhttp://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/sc/pubs/socio.eco.html.
7.
BottenburgM. V. (2005). Sport participation in the EU: Trends and differences. Retrieved August 23, 2008, fromhttp://www.mulierinstituut.nl.
8.
BourdieuP. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of tasteCambridge, England: Harvard University Press.
9.
BreuerC.WickerP. (2008). Demographic and economic factors concerning the inclusion in the German sport system. A micro-analysis of the years 1985 to 2005. European Journal for Sport and Society, 5, 35–43.
10.
BurghamM.DownwardP. (2005). Why volunteer, time to volunteer? A case study from swimming. Managing Leisure, 10, 79–93.
11.
CameronA. C.TrivediP. K. (2009). Microeconometrics using StataTexas, United States of America: Stata Press.
12.
CawleyJ. (2004). An economic framework for understanding physical activity and eating behaviours. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 27, 117–125.
13.
CicchettiC. J.DavidsonP.SenecaJ. J. (1969). The demand and supply of outdoor recreation: An econometric analysisWashington, DC: Bureau of Outdoor Recreation.
14.
DownwardP. (2004). On leisure demand: A Post Keynesian critique of neoclassical theory. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 26, 371–394.
15.
DownwardP. (2007). Exploring the economic choice to participate in sport: Results from the 2002 General Household Survey. International Review of Applied Economics, 21, 633–653.
16.
DownwardP.RiordanJ. (2007). Social interactions and the demand for sport: An economic analysis. Contemporary Economic Policy, 25, 518–537.
17.
FarrellL.ShieldsM. A. (2002). Investigating the economic and demographic determinants of sporting participation in England. Journal of Royal Statistics Society A, 165, 335–348.
18.
GarcíaJ. (1991). A participation model with non-convex budget sets: The case of the wives of the unemployed in Great Britain. Applied Economics, 23, 1401–1416.
19.
GarcíaJ.LeraF.SuárezM. J. (2009). Estimation of a structural model of the determinants of the time spent on physical activity and sport: Evidence for Spain, Economic Discussion Papers 02-2009, Departamento de Economía, Universidad de Oviedo.
20.
García FerrandoM. (2006). Posmodernidad y deporte: Entre la individualización y la masificaciónMadrid, Spain: Consejo Superior de Deportes.
21.
GrattonC.TaylorP. (2000). Economics of sport and recreationLondon: Spon Press.
22.
GreenM.CollinsS. (2008). Policy, politics and path dependency: Sport development in Australia and Finland. Sport Management Review, 11, 225–251.
23.
GronauR. (1977). Leisure, home production, and work—The theory of the allocation of time revisited. Journal of Political Economy, 85, 1099–1123.
24.
HumphreysB. R.RuseskiJ. E. (2006). Economic determinants of participation in physical activity and sport. IASE Working Paper No. 06-13.
25.
HumphreysB. R.RuseskiJ. E. (2007). Participation in physical activity and government spending on parks and recreation. Contemporary Economic Policy, 25, 538–552.
26.
KésenneS. (2006). Public policy and participation sport. In RodríguezP.KésenneS.GarcíaJ. (Eds.), Sports economics after fifty years: Essays in honour of Simon RottenbergOviedo, Spain: Universidad de Oviedo.
27.
KésenneS.ButzenP. (1987). Subsidizing sports facilities: The shadow price-elasticities of sports. Applied Economics, 19, 101–110.
28.
LavoieM. (2004). Post Keynesian consumer theory: Potential synergies with consumer research and economic psychology. Journal of Economic Psychology, 25, 639–649.
29.
Lera-LópezF.Rapún-GárateM. (2007). The demand for sport: Sport consumption and participation models. Journal of Sport Management, 21, 103–122.
30.
LoylandK.RingstadV. (2009). On the price and income sensitivity of the demand for sports: Has Linder’s disease become more serious?. Journal of Sports Economics, 10, 601–618.
31.
MilesL. (2007). Physical activity and health. British Nutrition Foundation Nutrition Bulletin, 32, 314–363.
32.
MoensM.ScheerderJ. (2004). Social determinants of sports participation revisited. The role of socialization and symbolic trajectories. European Journal of Sport and Society, 1, 35–49.
33.
RodgersB. (1977). Rationalising sports policies: sport in its social context: International comparisonStrasbourg, France: Council of Europe.
34.
RoweN.AdamsR.BeasleyN. (2004). Driving up participation in sport: The social context, the trends, the prospects and the challenges. In EnglandSport (Ed.), Sport England (2004). Driving up participation: The challenge for sport (pp. 6–13). London: Sport England. Retrieved November 15, 2008, fromhttp://www.sportengland.org.
35.
ScheerderJ.VanreuselB.TaksM. (2005a). Stratification patterns of active sport involvement among adults: Social change and persistence. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 40, 139–162.
36.
ScheerderJ.VanreuselB.TaksM.RensonR. (2005b). Social stratification patterns in adolescents' active sports participation behaviour: A time trend analysis 1969-1999. European Physical Education Review, 11, 5–27.
37.
ScitovskyT. (1976). The joyless economyOxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Spanish Office of National Statistics, INE. (2004). Spanish time-use survey 2002-2003. Retrieved June 15, 2007, fromhttp://www.ine.es.
40.
Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association, SGMA. (2004). Sports participation in America. North Palm Beach: SGMA. Retrieved February 22, 2007, fromhttp://www.SGMA.com.
41.
StempelC. (2005). Adult participation sports as cultural capital: A test of Bourdieu's theory of the field of sports. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 40, 411–432.
42.
WickerP.BreuerC.PawlowskiT. (2009). Promoting sport for all age-specific target groups. The impact of sport infrastructure. European Sport Management Quarterly, 9, 103–118.
43.
WilsonT. C. (2002). The paradox of social class and sports involvement. The roles of cultural and economic capital. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 37, 5–16.
44.
ZabalzaA. (1983). The CES utility function, non-linear budget constraints and labour supply. Results on female participation and hours. The Economic Journal, 93, 312–330.
45.
ZabalzaA.ArrufatJ. L. (1988). Efficiency and equity effects of reforming the British system of direct taxation: A utility-based simulation methodology. Economica, 55, 21–45.
