Videolaparoscopic-Guided Saccography and Direct Sac Embolization After Standard EVAR

Abstract

Introduction:

The occurrence of type II endoleak (T2EL) presents a significant challenge in standard endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), with ongoing debate in the literature regarding its optimal management. Although spontaneous resolution has been observed in many cases, intervention is often required to prevent progressive sac enlargement and rupture. Various approaches have been described, including translumbar, transarterial, and transcaval embolization, as well as direct sac puncture. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of videolaparoscopic-guided saccography and direct sac embolization (ViSE) in patients with sac enlargement following EVAR.

Methods:

A prospectively maintained registry of patients undergoing standard EVAR between 2016 and 2022 at our institution was retrospectively reviewed. Exclusion criteria included concomitant computed tomography (CT)-diagnosed type I endoleak or type III endoleak (T1EL or T3EL), less than 6 months of follow-up, or no available imaging study for review. A nidus posterior to the main body of endograft and a hostile abdomen (severe obesity body mass index [BMI] >35 kg/m², previous open surgery, or history of peritonitis) were considered contraindications to ViSE.

Results:

A total of 259 standard EVAR procedures were performed during the study period, with 63 patients (24.3%) identified as having T2EL, 26 underwent endovascular treatment for significant sac growth during follow-up; 14 of these patients received ViSE (5.4%) and were included in the study. The median procedure time and median fluoroscopic time were 140 (interquartile range [IQR]=105–150) and 40.5 (IQR=31–45) minutes, respectively. Technical success was achieved in 12 of 14 patients (87%). In 7 patients (50%), the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) was ligated. An occult T1EL or T3EL endoleak was revealed in 5 patients (35%), requiring an immediate or staged adjunct procedure. After a median follow-up of 32.4 months (IQR=25.3–51.7), 2 patients presented sac growth and required surgical conversion. None of the patients died due to aortic-related causes.

Conclusion:

Videolaparoscopic-guided saccography and direct sac embolization may be considered a valid alternative in patients with T2EL and sac growth. In our early experience, it has proven to be safe and effective in treating the nidus and IMA, and identifying hidden T1EL or T3EL.

Clinical Impact

Videolaparoscopic-guided saccography and direct sac embolization (ViSE) represent a valuable option for managing type II endoleak (T2EL) with sac enlargement after EVAR. This approach allows precise treatment of the nidus and the inferior mesenteric artery while also identifying undetected type I and III endoleaks that may require further intervention. By integrating ViSE into clinical practice, physicians can improve diagnostic accuracy and expand treatment strategies for complex endoleak cases. The technique enhances endovascular options, potentially reducing the need for open conversion and improving long-term outcomes in patients with persistent sac growth.