A Scoping Review of Sport-Based Health Promotion Interventions With Youth in Africa

Abstract

Africa has the highest rates of child mortality and diseases in the world. Research suggests that sport can be an effective way to enhance health knowledge and behaviors among at-risk youth in Africa. Scoping reviews explore both the breadth and depth of a research topic, which allows researchers to conduct a detailed analysis and synthesis of studies to understand how, why, and under what circumstances sport-based interventions are effective. The purpose of this scoping review was to specifically examine the study design, theoretical foundations, sample characteristics, measured and observed outcomes, intervention characteristics, and funding sources identified in previous studies that examined sport as a platform for health promotion with youth in Africa. A total of 916 articles were retrieved from 10 electronic bibliographic databases; 28 studies met the inclusion criteria. Of these, four were randomized controlled trials, while the remaining were open trials with pre-posttest assessments, both with comparison conditions and without. Only 10 studies included a theoretical framework to specifically inform the sport-based intervention implemented. Targeted health outcomes included knowledge and behaviors related to a myriad physical and mental health concerns, such as HIV, clean water use, vaccinations, physical activity, and fitness. Statistically significant improvements were observed in 82% of the studies examined. Our results suggest that sport-based interventions may be effective in improving health knowledge and behaviors among youth in Africa. Recommendations for future research, including methodology and the importance of global partnerships with nonprofit organizations, are discussed.