The authors evaluated W. K. Kellogg-funded Community Partnerships (CPs) between academic, health service, and community partners in South Africa. Stakeholders (N = 668 respondents) completed questionnaires to explore the operational, functional and organisational factors that contribute to members’ perceptions of the skills of their CPs’ leadership. Ten factors accounted for 53% of leadership skills across five participating CPs and six stakeholder groups. Each CP displayed its unique footprint of factors that accounted for its leadership levels. Similarly, each stakeholder group had its unique signature of factors that were associated with its leadership. Two factors (communication mechanisms and operational understanding) accounted for more than 25% of leadership skills; management capabilities and participation benefits accounted for 4% and 3%; and effectiveness, benefits to difficulties ratio of being a member, engagement in education, flow of information and sense of ownership accounted for 2% to 3% each. Attention to these and other factors is warranted.
Adrian, C., & Press, C. ( 1968). Decision costs in coalition formation. American Political Science Review, 62, 556-563.
2.
Alexander, M.P., Zakocs, R.C., Earp, J.A., & French, E. ( 2006). Community coalition project directors: What makes them effective leaders? Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 12(2), 201-209.
3.
Alimo-Metcalfe, B., & Alban-Metcalfe, J. (2005). Leadership: Time for a New Direction? Leadership, 1(1), 51-71.
4.
Armbruster, C., Gale, B., Brady, J., & Thompson, N. ( 1999). Perceived ownership in a community coalition. Public Health Nursing, 16, 17-22. Beuchesne, M.A., & Meservey, P.M. ( 1999). An interdisciplinary community-based educational model . Journal of Professional Nursing, 15, 38-43.
5.
Butterfoss, F.D. ( 2004). The coalition technical assistance and training framework: Helping community coalitions help themselves. Health Promotion Practice, 5(2), 118-26.
6.
Butterfoss, F.D., Goodman, R.M., & Wandersman, A. (1993). Community coalitions for prevention and health promotion. Health Education Research , 8(3), 315-30.
7.
Butterfoss, F.D., Goodman, R.M., & Wandersman, A. (1996). Community coalitions for prevention and health promotion: factors predicting satisfaction, participation and planning. Health Education Quarterly, 23, 65-79.
8.
Butterfoss, F.D., & Kegler, M.C. ( 2002). Toward a comprehensive understanding of community coalitions: Moving from practice to theory. In R. DiClemente et al. (Eds.), Emerging theories in health promotion practice and research (pp. 157-193). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
9.
Cavanaugh, N., & Cheney, K.S. ( 2002). Community collaboration-a weaving. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 8(1), 13-20.
10.
Cheadle, A., Beery, W., Wagner, E., Fawcett, S., Green, L., Moss, D., et al. (1997). Conference report: Community-based health promotion- State of the art and recommendations for the future. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 13(4), 240-243.
11.
Chrislip, D., & Larson, C.E. ( 1994). Collaborative leadership: How citizens and civic leaders can make a difference. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
12.
Clark, N.M., Friedman, A.R., & Lachance, L.L. (2006). Summing it up: Collective lessons from the experience of seven coalitions. Health Promotion Practice, 7, 149S-152S.
13.
Cramer, M.E., Atwood, J.R., & Stoner, J.A. ( 2006). Measuring community coalition effectiveness using the ICE instrument. Public Health Nursing, 23(1), 74-87.
14.
Crowley, K.M., Yu, P., & Kaftarian, S.J. (2000). Prevention actions and activities make a difference: A structural equation model of coalition building . Evaluation and Program Planning, 22, 381- 388.
15.
El Ansari, W. ( 1995). Partnership evaluation tool. Retrieved November 16, 2006, from http://depts.washington.edu/ccph/pdf_files/El%20Ansari%20Partnership%20Questionnaire.pdf
16.
El Ansari, W. ( 2003). Educational partnerships for health: Do stakeholders perceive similar outcomes?Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 9(2), 136-156.
17.
El Ansari, W. ( 2005). Collaborative research partnerships with disadvantaged communities: challenges and potential solutions. Public Health , 119(9), 758-770.
18.
El Ansari, W. ( 2006). Stakeholders’ perceptions of outcomes in public health educational partnerships. In S. L. Knobler et al. (Eds.), Ensuring an infectious disease workforce: education and training needs for the 21st century-workshop summary (pp. 89-101). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
19.
El Ansari, W., & Phillips, C.J. (2001a). Empowering health care workers in Africa: partnerships in health-Beyond the rhetoric towards a model . Critical Public Health, 11(3), 231-252.
20.
El Ansari, W., & Phillips, C.J. (2001b). Interprofessional collaboration: A stakeholder approach to evaluation of voluntary participation in community partnerships. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 15(4), 351-368.
21.
El Ansari, W., & Phillips, C.J. (2004). The costs and benefits of participants in community partnerships. A paradox?Health Promotion Practice, 5(1), 35-48.
22.
El Ansari, W., Phillips, C.J., & Zwi, A.B. ( 2002). Narrowing the gap between academic professional wisdom and community lay knowledge: Partnerships in South Africa. Public Health, 116(3), 151-159.
23.
El Ansari, W., Phillips, C.J., & Zwi, A.B. ( 2004). Collaboration in health: Public health nurses’ perspectives. Public Health Nursing, 21(3), 278-287.
24.
El Ansari, W., & Weiss, E. ( 2006). Quality of community partnership research: Developing the evidence base. Health Education Research, 21, 175-180.
25.
Erwin, K., Blumenthal, D.S., Chapel, T., & Allwood, L.V. ( 2004). Building an academic community partnership for increasing the representation of minorities in the health professions. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 15, 589-602.
26.
Fawcett, S., Paine, A., Francisco, V., & Vliet, M. ( 1993). Promoting health through community development. In D. Glenwick & L. A. Jason (Eds.), Promoting health and mental health in children, youth and families (pp. 233-255). New York: Springer.
27.
Florin, P., Mitchell, R., & Stevenson, J. ( 1993). Identifying training and technical assistance needs in community coalitions: A developmental approach. Health Education Research, 8(3), 417-432.
28.
Florin, P., Mitchell, R., Stevenson, J., & Klein, I. ( 2000) Predicting intermediate outcomes for prevention coalitions: A developmental perspective. Evaluation and Program Planning , 23, 341-346. Florin , P.R. & Wandersman, A. (1990). An introduction to citizen participation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18(1), 41-54.
29.
Gil de Gibaja, M. ( 2001). An exploratory study of administrative practice in collaboratives . Administration in Social Work, 25(2), 39-59.
30.
Goede, H., & El Ansari, W. (Eds.). (2003). Partnership work: The health service-community interface for the prevention, care and treatment of HIV/AIDS (Report of a WHO consultation)Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
31.
Goodman, R.M. & Steckler, A.B. ( 1989). A model for the institutionalisation of health promotion programs. Family & Community Health, 11(4), 63-78.
32.
Goodrow, B., Olive, K.E., Behringer, B., Kelley, M.J., Bennard, B., Grover, S., et al.. (2001). The Community partnerships experience: A report of institutional transition at East Tennessee State University. Academic Medicine, 76(2), 134-141.
33.
Gottlieb, N.H., Brink, S.G., & Gingiss, P.L. ( 1993) Correlates of coalition effectiveness the Smoke Free Class of 2000 Program. Health Education Research, 8, 375-384.
34.
Granner, M.L., & Sharpe, P.A. ( 2004). Evaluating community coalition characteristics and functioning: A summary of measurement tools. Health Education Research , 19(5), 514-532.
35.
Grice, R. ( 2001). Co-operation, participation and complexity: Local partnerships and public policy. London: National Council for Voluntary Organisations.
36.
Hallfors, D., Cho, H., Livert, D., & Kadushin, C. ( 2002). Fighting back against substance abuse: Are community coalitions winning? American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 23(4), 237-245.
37.
Hays, C.E., Hays, S.P., DeVille, J.O., & Mulhall, P.F. ( 2000). Capacity for effectiveness: The relationship between coalition structure and community impact. Evaluation and Program Planning, 23, 373-379.
38.
Hess, D.R. ( 2000). Nurse practitioner students’ experiences in a rural interdisciplinary education project. National Academies of Practice Forum2, 101-107.
39.
Jellinek, P.S., & Hearn R. P. (1991). Fighting drug abuse at the local level: can communities consolidate their resources into a single system of prevention, treatment, and aftercare?Issues In Science And Technology, 7, 78-84.
40.
Kegler, M.C., & Wyatt, V.H. ( 2003). A multiple case study of neighborhood partnerships for positive youth development. American Journal of Health Behavior , 27, 156-169.
41.
Kumpfer, K.L., Turner, C., Hopkins, R., & Librett, J. ( 1993). Leadership and team effectiveness in community coalitions for the prevention of alcohol and other drug abuse. Health Education Research, 8(3), 59-74.
42.
Lazarus, J. ( 1997). Improving primary health care and empowering communities . Retrieved February 24, 2006, from http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:A2_PlqNdttUJ:thenationalcenter.org/SA_book/improving%2520primary%2520heath%2520care.pdf+community+partnerships+HPE+kellogg&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=7&gl=uk
43.
Leatt, P., & Porter, J. ( 2003). Where are the healthcare leaders? The need for investment in leadership development. Healthcare Papers, 4(1), 14-31.
44.
Lough, M.A., Schmidt, K., & Leshan, L.A. ( 1999). Interdisciplinary service learning program promotes collaborative health care. National Academies of Practice Forum, 1, 255-261.
45.
Mansergh, G., Rohrbach, L.A., Montomery, S.B., Pentz, M.A., & Johnson, C.A. ( 1996). Process evaluation of community coalitions for alcohol and other drug abuse prevention: A case study comparison of researcher- and community initiated models. Journal of Community Psychology , 24,118-135.
46.
Maurana, C.A., Goldenberg, K., & Hathaway, C.E. (2000). Strategies for change in the development of a community-academic partnership to promote health. National Academies of Practice Forum, 2, 113-118.
47.
Mayer, J.P., Soweid, R., Dabney, S., Brownson, C., Goodman, R.M., & Brownson, R.C. (1998). Practices of successful community coalitions: A multiple case study. American Journal of Health Behavior, 22, 368-369.
48.
McMillan, B., Florin, P., Stevenson, J., Kerman, B., & Mitchell, R.E. (1995). Empowerment praxis in community coalitions. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23, 699-727.
49.
Metzger, M.E., Alexander, J.A., & Weiner, B.J. ( 2005). The effects of leadership and governance processes on member participation in community health coalitions. Health Education and Behavior, 32(4), 455-473.
50.
Minnesota Department of Health. (1990). A self-assessment form for use by a community health committee (Community Health Services Administration Work Group Draft Interim Report). Minneapolis, MN: Author.
51.
Mitchell, S.M., & Shortell, S.M. (2000). The governance and management of effective community health partnerships: A typology for research, policy and practice. Milbank Quarterly, 78(2), 241-289.
52.
Mizrahi, T., & Rosenthal, B.B. (2001). Complexities of coalition building: leaders’ successes, strategies, struggles, and solutions. Social Work, 46(1), 63-78.
53.
Polivka, B.J., Dresbach, S.H., Heimlich, J.E., & Elliott, M. ( 2001). Interagency relationships among rural early intervention collaboratives. Public Health Nursing, 18, 340-349.
54.
Prestby, J.E., Wandersman, A. ( 1985). An empirical exploration of a framework of organisational viability: maintaining block organisations. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 21(3), 287-305.
55.
Prestby, J.E., Wandersman, A., Florin, P.R., Rich, R.C., & Chavis, D.M. ( 1990). Benefits, costs, incentive management and participation in voluntary organisations: A means to understanding and promoting empowerment . American Journal of Community Psychology, 18, 117-149.
56.
Richards, R.M. ( 1996). The nature of academic health centres. In R. M. Richards (Ed.), Building partnerships: Educating health professionals for the communities they serve (pp. 69-90). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
57.
Roeseler, A.G. ( 1993). Characteristics and participation perceptions of tobacco control coalitions in California. Health Education Research , 8, 345-357.
58.
Rogers, T., Howard-Pitney, B., Fieghery, E.C., Altman, D.G., Endres, J.M., & Roussos, S.T., & Fawcett, S.B. ( 2000). A review of collaborative partnerships as a strategy for improving community health. Annual Reviews of Public Health , 2, 369-402.
59.
Shermerhorn, J., Jr. (1975). Determinants of interorganizational cooperation. Academy of Management Journal, 18, 846-856.
60.
Shortell, S.M., Zukoski, A.P., Alexander, J.A., Bazzoli, G.J., Conrad, D.A., Hasnain-Wynia R., et al.. (2002) Evaluating partnerships for community health improvement: Tracking the footprints. Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law, 27(1), 49-91.
61.
Size, T. ( 2006). Leadership development for rural health. North Carolina Medical Journal, 67(1), 71-76.
62.
South African Community-Higher Education-Service Partnerships. (1997). Project description. Retrieved February 24, 2006, from http://www.chesp.org.za/Documents/About/Project%20Description.doc
63.
Steenbergen, G., & El Ansari, W. ( 2003). The power of partnership. Geneva, Switzerland: Stop TB Partnership, World Health Organization.
64.
W. K. Kellogg Foundation. (1994). Health profession education and community partnership study. Michigan State University: Survey Research Division of the Institute for Public Policy and Social Research.
65.
Wandersman, A. ( 1984). Citizen participation. In K. Heller et al. (Eds.), Psychology and community change: Challenges of the future (pp. 337-379). Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.
66.
Weiner, B.J., Alexander, J.A., & Shortell, S.M. (2002). Management and governance processes in community health coalitions: A procedural justice perspective . Health Education and Behavior, 29, 737-754.
67.
Weiss, E.S., Anderson, R.M., Lasker, R.D. ( 2002). Making the most of collaboration: Exploring the relationship between partnership synergy and partnership functioning. Health Education and Behavior, 29, 683-698.
68.
Wilson, J.L. ( 2002). Leadership development: working together to enhance collaboration . Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 8(1), 21-26.
69.
Wolf, G.A., Bradle, J., & Greenhouse, P. (2006). Investment in the future: a 3-level approach for developing the healthcare leaders of tomorrow. Journal of Nursing Administration, 36(6), 331-336.
70.
Wolff, T. ( 2001). The future of community coalition building. American Journal of Community Psychology, 29(2), 263-268.
71.
Wynn, T.A., Johnson, R.E., Fouad, M., Holt, C., Scarinci, I., Nagy, C., et al. (2006). Addressing disparities through coalition building: Alabama REACH 2010 lessons learned. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 17(2 Suppl), 55-77.
72.
Yin, R.K., Kaftarian, S.J., Yu, P., & Jansen, M.A. ( 1997). Outcomes from CSAP’s community partnership program: Findings from the national cross-site evaluation. Evaluation and Program Planning, 20(3), 345-355.
73.
Zakocs, R.C., Edwards, E.M. ( 2006). What explains community coalition effectiveness? A review of the literature. American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 30(4), 351-361.
