Because of the growing focus on the production of favorable academic standardized test scores, schools have become increasingly resistant to sponsoring nonacademic programming, such as tobacco cessation services for students. Nevertheless, the need for such programs has not diminished. The purpose of this article is to provide descriptive information about the logistics of establishing and delivering a health intervention in schools that are resistant to nonacademic programming. The data were collected as part of a qualitative retrospective process evaluation of Full Court Press, a 5-year youth tobacco demonstration project funded by the Robert Woods Johnson Foundation and implemented in Tucson, Arizona. Lessons learned about recruiting schools, integrating programs, and managing facilitators are presented.
Adelman, W.P., Duggan, A.K., Hauptman, P., & Joffe A. (2001). Effectiveness of a high school smoking cessation program. Pediatrics107(4). Retrieved May 31, 2005, from http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/107/4/e50
2.
Amin, R., & Sato, T. (2004). Impact of a school-based comprehensive program for pregnant teens on their contraceptive use, future contraceptive intention, and desire for more children. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 21, 39-47.
3.
Anderson, E.W., Valerio, M., Liu, M., Benet, D.J., Joseph, C., Brown, R., et al. (2005). Schools' capacity to help low-income, minority children to manage asthma. Journal of School Nursing, 21, 236-242.
4.
Auld, G.W., Tomaniello, C., Heimendinger, J., Hambridge, C., & Hambridge, M. (1999). Outcomes from a school-based nutrition education program alternating special resource teachers and classroom teachers. Journal of School Health, 69, 403-408.
5.
Bayne-Smith, M., Fardy, P.S., Azzollini, A., Magel J., Schmitz, K.H., & Agin, D. (2004). Improvements in heart health behaviors and reduction in coronary artery disease risk factors in urban teenaged girls through a school-based intervention: The PATH program. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 1538-1543.
6.
Carrel, A.L., Clark, R.R., Peterson, S.E., Nemeth, B.A., Sullivan, J., & Allen D.B. (2005). Improvement of fitness, body composition, and insulin sensitivity in overweight children in a school-based exercise program: A randomized, controlled study. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 159, 963-968.
7.
Chen, H.T. (2005). Practical program evaluation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
8.
Colby, S.M., Tiffany, S.T., Shiffman, S., & Niaura, R.S. (2000). Are adolescent smokers dependent on nicotine? A review of the evidence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 59, S83-S95.
9.
Edwards, B. (2005). Childhood obesity: a school-based approach to increase nutritional knowledge and activity levels. Nursing Clinics of North America, 40, 661-660, viii-ix.
10.
Fena, P.G., Field, V., & McBride, K. (1996). Freedom from smoking. New York : American Lung Association.
11.
Fiore, M.C., Bailey, W.C., Cohen, S.J., Dorfman, S.F., Goldstein, M.G., Gritz, E.R., et al. (2000). Treating tobacco use and dependence. Clinical practice guideline. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service.
12.
Fisher, P.H., Masia-Warnner, C., & Klein, R.G. (2004). Skills for social and academic success: A school-based intervention for social anxiety disorder in adolescents. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 7, 241-249.
13.
Fleming, C.B., Haggerty, K.P., Catalano, R.F., Harachi, T.W., Mazza, J.J., & Gruman, D.H. (2005). Do social and behavioral characteristics targeted by preventive interventions predict standardized test scores and grades? Journal of School Health, 75, 342-349.
14.
Fox, P.G., Rossetti, J., Burns, K.R., & Popovich, J. (2005). Southeast Asian refugee children: a school-based mental health intervention. International Journal of Psychiatric Nursing Research, 11, 1227-1236.
15.
Geierstanger, S.P., Amaral, G., Mansour, M., & Walters, S.R. (2004). School-based health centers and academic performance: Research, challenges, and recommendations. Journal of School Health, 74(9), 347-352.
16.
Griffin, K.W., Botvin, G.J., & Nichols, T.R. (2004). Long-term follow-up effects of a school-based drug abuse prevention program on adolescent risky driving. Prevention Science, 5, 207-212.
17.
Gullespie, A., Stanton, W., Lowe, J.B., & Hunter, B. (1995). Feasibility of school-based smoking cessation programs. Journal of School Health, 65, 421-436.
18.
Han, S.S., & Weiss, B. (2005). Sustainability of teacher implementation of school-based mental health programs. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 33, 665-679.
19.
Horn, K., Dino, G., Gao, X., & Momani, A. (1999). Feasibility evaluation of Not On Tobacco: The American Lung Association's new stop smoking programme for adolescents. Health Education, 5, 192-206.
20.
Horn, K., Fernandes, A.L., Dino, G., Massey, C.J., & Kalsekar, I. (2002). Adolescent nicotine dependence and smoking cessation outcomes. Addictive Behaviors, 28, 769-776.
21.
Kaftarian, S., Robertson, E., Compton, W., Davis, B.W., & Volkow, N. (2004). Blending prevention research and practice in schools: Critical issues and suggestions. Prevention Science, 5, 1-3.
22.
Kelder, S., Hoelscher, D.M., Barroso, C.S., Walker, J.L., Cribb, P., & Hu, S. (2005). The CATCH Kids Club: A pilot after-school study for improving elementary students' nutrition and physical activity. Public Health Nutrition, 9, 133-40.
23.
Kirby, D.B., Baumler, E., Coyle, K.K., Basen-Engquist, K., Parcel, G.S., Harrist, R., & Banspach, S.W. (2004). The "Safer Choices" intervention: Its impact on the sexual behaviors of different subgroups of high school students . Journal of Adolescent Health, 35, 442-452.
24.
Levy, D.T., Bauer, J.E., & Lee, H. (2006). Simulation modeling and tobacco control: Creating more robust public health policies. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 494-498.
25.
Lincoln, Y.S., & Guba, E.G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. London : Sage.
26.
Lytle, L.A., Murray, D.M., Perry, C.L., Story, M., Birnbaum, A.S., Kubik, M.Y., et al. (2004). School-based approaches to affect adolescents' diets: Results from the TEENS study. Health Education Behavior , 31, 270-287.
27.
Massey, C.J., Dino, G.A., Horn, K.A., Lacey-McCracken, A., Goldcamp, J., & Kaleskar, I. (2003). Recruitment barriers and successes of the American Lung Association's Not-On-Tobacco Program. Journal of School Health, 73, 58-62.
28.
Mcmurray, R.G., Harrell, J.S., Bangdiwala, S.I., Bradley, C.B., Deng, S., & Levine, A. (2002). A school-based intervention can reduce body fat and blood pressure in young adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31, 125-132.
29.
National Education Association. (2003, December-2004, January). Stories from the field: Cuts leave more and more public school children behind. Retrieved May 31, 2006, from http://www.nea.org/esea/storiesfromthefield.html?mode=print .
30.
O'Connell, M.L., Freeman, M., Jennings, G., Greci, L.S., Manta, I.D., & Katz, D.L. (2004). Smoking cessation for high school students, Impact evaluation of a novel program. Behavior Modification, 28, 133-146.
31.
O'Rourke, T.W. (2005). Promoting school health-An expanded paradigm. Journal of School Health, 75, 112-114.
32.
Pate, R.R., Ward, D.S., Saunders, R.P., Felton, G., Dishman, R.K., & Dowda, M. (2005). Promotion of physical activity among high-school girls: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 1582-1587.
33.
Pendell, K. (1996a). Intervening with teen tobacco users-Tobacco Education Group (TEG). Minneapolis, MN: Community Intervention Services.
34.
Pendell, K. (1996b). Helping teens stop using tobacco-Tobacco Awareness Program (TAP). Minneapolis, MN: Community Intervention Services,
35.
Possel, P., Baldus, C., Horn, A.B., Groen, G., & Hautzinger, M. (2005). Influence of general self-efficacy on the effects of a school-based universal primary prevention program of depressive symptoms in adolescents: A randomized and controlled follow-up study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 982-994.
36.
Riley, W., Jerome, A., Behar, A., & Zack, S. (2002). Feasibility of computerized scheduled gradual reduction for adolescent smoking cessation. Substance Use & Misuse, 37, 255-263.
37.
Robinson, L.A., Vander Weg, M.W., Riedel, B.W., Klesges, R.C., & McLain-Allen, B. (2003). "Start to stop": Results of a randomized controlled trial of a smoking cessation programme for teens . Tobacco Control, 12(Suppl 4), 26-33.
38.
Rohde, K., Piacani, B., Stark, M., Pietrukowicz, M., Mosbaek, C., Romoli, C., et al. (2001). Effectiveness of school-based programs as a component of a statewide tobacco control initiative-Oregon, 1999-2000 . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Review, 50, 663-666.
39.
Smith, M.L., Heinecke, W., & Noble, A.J. (1999). Assessment, policy and political spectacle. Teachers College Record, 101, 157-191.
40.
Steckler, A., Ethelah, B., Martin, C.J., Stewart, D., Pardilla, M., Gittelsohn, J., et al. (2003). Pathways process evaluation results: A school-based prevention trial to promote healthful diet and physical activity in American Indian third, fourth, and fifth grade students. Preventive Medicine, 37(pt. 2), S80-90.
41.
Sun, W., Skara, S., Sun, P., Dent, C.W., & Sussman, S. (2006). Project Towards No Drug Abuse: Long-term substance use outcomes evaluation. Preventive Medicine, 42, 188-192.
42.
Sussman, S. (2002). Effects of sixty-six adolescent tobacco use cessation trials and seventeen prospective studies of self-initiated quitting. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 1, 35-81.
43.
Sussman, S., Dent, C.W., & Lichtman, K.L. (2001). Project EX: Outcomes of a teen smoking cessation program. Addictive Behaviors, 26, 425-438.
44.
Symons, C.W.E., Cinelli, B., James, T.C., & Groff, P. (1997). Bridging student health risks and academic achievement through comprehensive school health programs. Journal of School Health, 67, 220-227.
45.
Tingle, L.R., DeSimone, M., & Covington, B. (2003). A meta-evaluation of 11 school-based smoking prevention programs. Journal of School Health, 72, 64-47.
46.
Turner, L.R., Mermelstein, R., Berbaum, M.L., & Veldhuis, C.B. (2004). School-based smoking cessation programs: What predicts attendance? Nicotine and Tobacco Research , 6, 559-568.
47.
U.S. Department of Education. (2002a) Fact sheet on the major provisions of the conference report to H.R. 1, the No Child Left Behind Act. Retrieved May 31, 2006, from http://www.ed.gov/nclb/overview/intro/factsheet.html
48.
U.S. Department of Education. (2002b) Key policy letters signed by the education secretary or deputy secretary. Retrieved May 31, 2006, from http://www.ed.gov/policy/elsec/guid/secletter/020724.html
49.
Veugelers, P.H., & Fitzgerald, A.L. (2005). Effectiveness of school programs in prevention childhood obesity: A multilevel comparison. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 432-435.
50.
Wang, Y., Tussing, L., Odoms-Young A., Braunschweig, C.M., Flay, B., Hedeker, D., et al. (2005). Obesity prevention in low socioeconomic status urban African-American adolescents: Study design and preliminary findings of the HEALTH-KIDS Study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 60, 92-103.
51.
Wiley, D.C., & Howard-Barr, E.M. (2005). Advocacy to action: Addressing coordinated school health program issues with school boards. Journal of School Health, 75, 6-10.
52.
Yamaguchi, R., O'Malley, P.M., & Johnston, L.D. (2003, April). Effects of school-based tobacco cessation services on adolescent tobacco use: Results from a national study 2003. Paper presented at the annual conference of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago .
53.
Yawn, B.P. (2006). Asthma screening, case identification and treatment in school-based programs. Current Opinions in Pulmonary Medicine , 12, 23-27.
