Parenting programs are a key strategy for reducing child maltreatment and strengthening parents’ protective factors. However, evidence for their effectiveness remains inconclusive, and few reviews have examined results by outcome domains or program types. This article aims to analyze the effectiveness of parenting programs in preventing or reducing child maltreatment and improving parenting and family dynamics. We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between 2013 and 2023, through the Web of Science, Scopus, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases. Data synthesis included narrative synthesis and vote counting based on direction of effect, with binomial tests. Twenty-three studies involving 3,997 participants were included. Analysis by outcome domain indicated significant improvements in parenting practices (p = .004), parenting stress and emotional regulation (p = .006), family functioning (p < .001), and parental risk factors (p = .004). No significant effects were detected for child maltreatment reports (p = .063), child abuse potential (p = .219), parenting knowledge and sense of competence (p = .180), or child functioning (p = .063). Regarding program type and theoretical approach, parent training (p < .001) and interventions with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) components (p < .001) showed significant effectiveness, while home visiting (p = .070) and interventions that combined CBT with other approaches (p = .063) did not reach statistical significance. Parenting programs may be effective strategies for preventing child maltreatment, although effects are limited and not always sustained over time. More RCTs with robust designs are needed to strengthen the evidence base and demonstrate effectiveness in protecting children.
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