Effectiveness of Trauma-Informed Care Programs: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Exposure to trauma is associated with short- and long-term negative physical, mental, developmental, and behavioral consequences. Over the past decade, a growing body of literature has examined the impact and importance of preventing and addressing trauma across diverse service systems utilizing trauma-informed care (TIC). The current research objectives are to evaluate the effectiveness of TIC programs in various service systems and to identify useful program targets, settings, and components. A comprehensive search was conducted using electronic databases. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published before July 2024 that report the effectiveness of the TIC program are included in this review. The 13 RCT studies included in the meta-synthesis reported a random effect size of 0.72 (Cohen’s d) for programs targeting service providers and a random effect size of 1.03 (d) for programs targeting service recipients, demonstrating the significant effectiveness of TIC interventions in improving trauma-related knowledge, skills, and awareness across various target populations. Further subgroup analysis found that TIC programs were generally more effective in clinical settings, for mental health outcomes, with medical care components, and when targeting care or service recipients. Child-focused programs also showed promise, though further research is needed to tailor interventions for younger populations. The review highlights the effectiveness of TIC programs in improving mental health outcomes, trauma-related knowledge and skills, and supporting care recipients, particularly in clinical settings. These findings justify the recommendation for the widespread adoption of TIC approaches to enhance outcomes and better serve diverse populations.