Restricted accessReview articleFirst published online 2025
Campus Sexual Violence Victimization and Perpetration Experiences in Racial,Gender Identity,and Sexual Orientation Minority Student Subpopulations: A Scoping Review
Research on campus sexual violence (CSV) victimization and perpetration has grown considerably in recent years; however, knowledge of the experiences of CSV among students within specific racial, gender identity, and sexual orientation subpopulations remains limited. The purpose of this scoping review was to (a) determine any documented differences in CSV prevalence rates among students based on race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and gender identity, and (b) synthesize proposed mechanisms relating to these differences. A total of 37 studies published between 2004 and 2022 met our inclusion criteria, which included peer reviewed quantitative methodology, a U.S. higher education student sample, measures of CSV since entering college/university, and prevalence reports on CSV rates for racial, ethnic, sexual, and/or gender minority students. We found that cisgender women and gender-nonconforming students, sexual minority students, and students from some racial/ethnic minority groups experienced elevated rates of CSV victimization. However, we observed considerable variation in sampling procedures as well as victimization, perpetration, and demographic measures used in these studies. We discuss these findings and offer several explanations for the higher prevalence rates among minoritized student subgroups. We conclude with recommendations for future research.
*AmosC.PetersR. J.JrWilliamsL.JohnsonR. J.MartinQ.YacoubianG. S. (2008). The link between recent sexual abuse and drug use among African American male college students: It’s not just a female problem in and around campus. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 40(2), 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2008.10400626
3.
AndersonR. E.SilverK. E.CiampagliaA. M.VitaleA. M.DelahantyD. L. (2021). The frequency of sexual perpetration in college men: A systematic review of reported prevalence rates from 2000 to 2017. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 22(3), 481–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019860619
4.
ArkseyH.O’MalleyL. (2007). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616
5.
BanyardV. L.WardS.CohnE. S.MoorheadC.WalshW. (2007). Unwanted sexual contact on campus: A comparison of women’s and men’s experiences. Violence and Victims, 22, 52–70.
6.
*BarrickK.KrebsC. P.LindquistC. H.MooreC.PlummerD. (2012). Factors associated with incidents of sexual assault among undergraduate women at historically Black colleges and universities. Victims & Offenders, 7(2), 185–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2012.657287
7.
BatesN.ChinM.BeckerT. (Eds.) (with Committee on Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation, Committee on National Statistics, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, & National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine). (2022). Measuring sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation. National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26424
*BoyleK. M.McKinzieA. E. (2021). The prevalence and psychological cost of interpersonal violence in graduate and law school. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(13–14), 6319–6350. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518816329
BrubakerS. J.KeeganB.Guadalupe-DiazX. L.BeasleyB. (2017). Measuring and reporting campus sexual assault: Privilege and exclusion in what we know and what we do. Sociology Compass, 11(12), e12543. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12543
*Caamano-IsornaF.AdkinsA.Moure-RodríguezL.ConleyA. H.DickD. (2021). Alcohol use and sexual and physical assault victimization among university students: Three years of follow-up. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(7–8), NP3574–NP3595. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518780413
15.
CantorD.FisherB.ChibnallS.HarpsS.TownsendR.ThomasG.LeeH.KranzV.HerbisonR.MaddenK. (2020). Report on the AAU Campus Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Misconduct. https://bit-ly.proxy.lib.umich.edu/31ksWMt
16.
CoulterR. S.MairC.MillerE.BlosnichJ.R.MatthewsD. D.McCauleyH. L. (2017). Prevalence of past-year sexual assault victimization among undergraduate students: Exploring differences by and intersections of gender identity, sexual identity, and race/ethnicity. Prevention Science, 18(6), 726–736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-017-0762-8
17.
*CoulterR. W. S.RankinS. R. (2020). College sexual assault and campus climate for sexual- and gender-minority undergraduate students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(5–6), 1351–1366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517696870
18.
CranneyS. (2015). The relationship between sexual victimization and year in school in U.S. colleges: Investigating the parameters of the “Red Zone”. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(17), 3133–3145. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514554425
CusanoJ.KirknerA.JohnsonL.McMahonS. (2023). Sexual violence prevalence and disclosure patterns among college undergraduates: Exploring types of sexual violence and incident-specific characteristics. Journal of American College Health, 71(3), 725–735. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1905648
21.
de HeerB.JonesL. (2017). Measuring sexual violence on campus: Climate surveys and vulnerable groups. Journal of School Violence, 16(2), 207–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2017.1284444
22.
*DeKeseredyW. S.PritchardA. J.StonebergD. M.NolanJ. (2022). Racial/ethnic variations in the polyvictimization of college women: Results from a large-scale campus climate survey. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 20(3), 191–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2022.2092575
23.
*DirA. L.AndrewsA. R.IIIWilsonS. M.DavidsonT. M.GilmoreA. K. (2018). The role of sex-related alcohol expectancies in alcohol-involved consensual and nonconsensual sex among women of Asian/Pacific Islander and women of European race/ethnicity. Journal of Sex Research, 55(7), 850–862. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1366411
24.
*EdwardsK. M.SylaskaK. M. (2013). The perpetration of intimate partner violence among LGBTQ college youth: The role of minority stress. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(11), 1721–1731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9880-6
25.
*EdwardsK. M.SylaskaK. M.BarryJ. E.MoynihanM. M.BanyardV. L.CohnE. S.WalshW. A.WardS. K. (2015). Physical dating violence, sexual violence, and unwanted pursuit victimization: A comparison of incidence rates among sexual-minority and heterosexual college students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(4), 580–600. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514535260
26.
EisenbergM. E.LustK.MathiasonM. A.PortaC. M. (2017). Sexual assault, sexual orientation, and reporting among college students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(1–2), 62–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517726414
27.
FedinaL.HolmesJ. L.BackesB. L. (2018). Campus sexual assault: A systematic review of prevalence research from 2000 to 2015. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 19(1), 76–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016631129
28.
FisherB. S.CullenF. T.TurnerM. G. (2000). The sexual victimization of college women. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/182369.pdf
29.
FollingstadD. R.BarczakR. M.KistlerL. C. (2023). The Red Zone risk for college sexual assault: A critical review of the literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(5), 3528–3545. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380221134293
30.
*FordJ.Soto-MarquezJ. G. (2016). Sexual assault victimization among straight, gay/lesbian, and bisexual college students. Violence and Gender, 3(2), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2015.0030
31.
*GilmoreA. K.GranatoH. F.WilsonS. M.GeorgeW. H. (2016). Sexual assault and heavy episodic drinking among women of Asian/Pacific Islander ancestry and women of European ancestry. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(3), 441–450. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684316648312
32.
GilmoreA. K.WalshK.LópezC.FortsonK.OesterleD. W.SalamancaN. K.OrchowskiL. M.DavisK. C. (2022). Sexual assault victimization: Latinx identity as a protective factor for sexual minorities. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(13–14), NP12542–NP12563. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260521999122
33.
*GómezJ. M. (2022). Gender, campus sexual violence, cultural betrayal, institutional betrayal, and institutional support in U.S. ethnic minority college students: A descriptive study. Violence Against Women, 28(1), 93–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801221998757
34.
GrayM. J.LitzB. T.HsuJ. L.LombardoT. W. (2004). Psychometric properties of the life events checklist. Assessment, 11(4), 330–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191104269954
35.
*GrocottL. R.LeachN. R.BrickL. A.Meza-LopezR.Orchowski LindsayM. (2022). Institutional response and impact of reporting sexual violence: An examination of sexual and gender minority college students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(21–22), NP20653–NP20676. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211055078
36.
*GrossA. M.WinslettA.RobertsM.GohmC. L. (2006). An examination of sexual violence against college women. Violence Against Women, 12(3), 288–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801205277358
37.
GrothA. N.BurgessA. W.HolmstromL. L. (1977). Rape: Power, anger, and sexuality. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 134(11), 1239–1243. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.134.11.1239
38.
HarrisJ. C.CobainK. P.KarunaratneN. (2020). Reimagining the study of campus sexual assault. In PernaL. W.PaulsenM. B. (Eds.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research (pp. 229–275). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11743-6_12-1
39.
*HerbenickD.FuT. J.DodgeB.FortenberryJ. D. (2019). The alcohol contexts of consent, wanted sex, sexual pleasure, and sexual assault: Results from a probability survey of undergraduate students. Journal of American College Health, 67(2), 144–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1462827
40.
*HerresJ.WangS. B.BobchinK.DraperJ. (2021). A socioecological model of risk associated with campus sexual assault in a representative sample of liberal arts college students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(7–8), NP4208–NP4229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518785376
41.
HinesD. A.ArmstrongJ. L.ReedK. P.CameronA. Y. (2012). Gender differences in sexual assault victimization among college students. Violence and Victims, 27(6), 922–940. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.27.6.922
42.
*HolmesS. E. (2020). LGBTQ+ students and campus sexual violence: Prevalence rates and the effect of expansive demographic questions (Publication No. 27998106) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern Maine]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2429396987?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true
43.
*HowardR. M.PotterS. J.GuedjC. E.MoynihanM. M. (2018). Sexual violence victimization among community college students. Journal of American College Health, 67(7), 674–687. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1500474
44.
HoxmeierJ. C. (2016). Sexual assault and relationship abuse victimization of transgender undergraduate students in a national sample. Violence and Gender, 3(4), 202–207. https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2016.0008
45.
JohnsonL. M.MatthewsT. L.NapperS. L. (2016). Sexual orientation and sexual assault victimization among US college students. The Social Science Journal, 53(2), 174–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2016.02.007
46.
*Kammer-KerwickM.WangA.McClainT.HoeferS.SwartoutK. M.BackesB.Busch-ArmendarizN. (2021). Sexual violence among gender and sexual minority college students: The risk and extent of victimization and related health and educational outcomes. Socius, 36(21–22). https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519883866
KimbleM.NeacsiuA. D.FlackW. F.HornerJ. (2008). Risk of unwanted sex for college women: Evidence for a Red Zone. Journal of American College Health, 57(3), 331–338. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.3.331-338
49.
KleinL. B.DawesH. C.JamesG.HallW. J.RizoC. F.PotterS. J.MartinS. L.MacyR. J. (2022). Sexual and relationship violence among LGBTQ+ college students: A scoping review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380221089981
50.
KossM. P.AbbeyA.CampbellR.CookS.NorrisJ.TestaM.WhiteJ. (2007). Revising the SES: A collaborative process to improve assessment of sexual aggression and victimization. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31(4), 357–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00385.x
51.
*KrebsC. P.BarrickK.LindquistC. H.CrosbyC. M.BoydC.BoganY. (2011). The sexual assault of undergraduate women at historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs). Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(18), 3640–3666. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260511403759
52.
KrebsC.LindquistC.BerzofskyM.Shook-SaB.PetersonK. (2016). Campus climate survey validation study final technical report. Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice. https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/ccsvsftr.pdf
LaiJ.ParkE.AmabileC. J.BoyceS. C.Fielding-MillerR.SwendemanD.OaksL.MarvelD.MajnoonianA.SilvermanJ.WagmanJ. (2024). “They don’t see us”: Asian students’ perceptions of sexual violence and sexual harassment on three California public university campuses. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 39(15–16), 3619–3650. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605241235912
55.
LawyerS.ResnickH.BakanicV.BurkettT.KilpatrickD. (2010). Forcible, drug-facilitated, and incapacitated rape and sexual assault among undergraduate women. Journal of American College Health, 58(5), 453–460. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448480903540515
56.
*LindquistC. H.BarrickK.KrebsC.CrosbyC. M.LockardA. J.Sanders-PhillipsK. (2013). The context and consequences of sexual assault among undergraduate women at historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs). Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(12), 2437–2461. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513479032
57.
LindquistC. H.CrosbyC. M.BarrickK.KrebsC. P.Settles-ReavesB. (2016). Disclosure of sexual assault experiences among undergraduate women at historically black colleges and universities (HBCUS). Journal of American College Health, 64(6), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2016.1181635
58.
*MartinQ.PetersR. J.AmosC. E.YacoubianG. S.JohnsonR. J.MeshackA.EssienE. J. (2005). The relationship between sexual abuse and drug use: A view of African-American college students in Texas. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 4(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1300/J233v04n01_03
59.
*MartinS. L.FisherB. S.StonerM. C. D.Fraga RizoC.WojcikM. L. (2020). Sexual assault of college students: Victimization and perpetration prevalence involving cisgender men, cisgender women and gender minorities. Journal of American College Health, 70(2), 404–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1751644
60.
*MartinS. L.FisherB. S.WarnerT. D.KrebsC. P.LindquistC. H. (2011). Women’s sexual orientations and their experiences of sexual assault before and during university. Women's Health Issues: Official Publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women’s Health, 21(3), 199–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2010.12.002
61.
*McGrawL. K.TylerK. A.SimonsL. G. (2022). Risk factors for sexual assault of heterosexual and sexual minority college women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(9–10), NP8032–NP8055. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520976224
McMahonS.StepletonK.O’ConnorJ.CusanoJ. (2015). iSPEAK student experiences, attitudes, and beliefs about sexual violence: Results of the Rutgers University-New Brunswick campus climate assessment. https://socialwork.rutgers.edu/file/2380/download
64.
*MellinsC. A.WalshK.SarvetA. L.WallM.GilbertL.SantelliJ. S.ThompsonM.WilsonP. A.KhanS.BensonS.BahK.KaufmanK. A.ReardonL.HirschJ. S. (2017). Sexual assault incidents among college undergraduates: Prevalence and factors associated with risk. PLoS ONE, 12(11): e0186471. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186471
65.
*MenningC.HoltzmanM. (2015). Combining primary prevention and risk reduction approaches in sexual assault protection programming. Journal of American College Health, 63(8), 513–522. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2015.1042881
66.
MillerB.MarshallJ. C. (1987). Coercive sex on the university campus. Journal of College Student Personnel, 28, 38–47.
67.
MoherD.LiberatiA.TetzlaffJ.AltmanD. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
68.
*MolletA. L.BlackW. (2021). A-nother perspective: An analysis of asexual college students’ experiences with sexual violence. Journal of College Student Development, 62(5), 526–546. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2021.0058
69.
*MoschellaE. A.PotterS. J.MoynihanM. M. (2020). Disclosure of sexual violence victimization and anticipated social reactions among lesbian, gay, and bisexual community college students. Journal of Bisexuality, 20(1), 66–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2020.1715910
*NightingaleS. D. (2022). Campus climate and the sexual assault victimization of LGBQ college students. Journal of Homosexuality, 69(13), 2250–2266. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2021.1938466
72.
PortaC. M.MathiasonM. A.LustK.EisenbergM. E. (2017). Sexual violence among college students: An examination of individual and institutional level factors associated with perpetration. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 13(3), 109–117. https://doi.org/10.1097/JFN.0000000000000161
73.
*PotterS.MoschellaE.MoynihanM. M.SmithD. (2020). Sexual violence among LGBQ community college Students: A comparison with their heterosexual peers. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 44(10–12), 787–803. https://doi.org/10.1080/10668926.2019.1706668
74.
PresleyC. A.MeilmanP.W.LyeriaR. (1993). Alcohol and Drugs on American College Campuses: Use, Consequences, and Perceptions of the Campus Environment. Volume 1: 1 989–91 . Carbondale, IL: The Core Institute.
75.
*RichardsonH. B.ArmstrongJ. L.HinesD. A.ReedK. M. P. (2015). Sexual violence and help-seeking among LGBQ and heterosexual college students. Partner Abuse, 6(1), 29–46. https://doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.6.1.29
76.
RothmanK.Georgia SalivarE.RoddyM. K.HatchS. G.DossB. D. (2019). Sexual assault among women in college: Immediate and long-term associations with mental health, psychosocial functioning, and romantic relationships. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(19–20), 9600–9622. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519870158
77.
*RothmanE.SilvermanJ. (2007). The effect of a college sexual assault prevention program on first-year students’ victimization rates. Journal of American College Health, 55(5), 283–290. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.55.5.283-290
78.
*SeabrookR. C.McMahonS.DuquaineB. C.JohnsonL.DeSilvaA. (2018). Sexual assault victimization and perceptions of university climate among bisexual women. Journal of Bisexuality, 18(4), 425–445. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2018.1485070
79.
SeabrookR. C.WardL. M. (2019). Bros will be bros? The effect of fraternity membership on perceived culpability for sexual assault. Violence Against Women, 25(12), 1471–1490.
80.
*SmidtA. M.RosenthalM. N.SmithC. P.FreydJ. J. (2019). Out and in harm’s way: Sexual minority students’ psychological and physical health after institutional betrayal and sexual assault. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 30(1), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2019.1581867
81.
Solinas-SaundersM. (2021). Sexual violence among college students attending a nonresidential campus. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(5–6), NP2273–NP2297. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518759978
82.
SpencerC. M.Rivas-KoehlM.AstleS.ToewsM. L.McAlisterP.AndersK. M. (2024). Factors correlated with sexual assault victimization among college students in the United States: A meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 25(1), 246–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380221146800
83.
SteeleB.MartinM.SciarraA.Melendez-TorresG. J.Degli EspostiM.HumphreysD. K. (2024). The prevalence of sexual assault among higher education students: A systematic review with meta-analyses. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 25(3), 1885–1898. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380231196119
84.
StrausM. A. (1990). The Conflict Tactics Scales and its critics: An evaluation and new data on validity and reliability. In StrausM. A.GellesR. J. (Eds.), Physical violence in American families: Risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8,145 families (pp. 49-73). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishing.
85.
StrausM. A.HambyS. L.Boney-McCoyS.SugarmanD. B. (1996). The Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2): Development and preliminary psychometric data. Journal of Family Issues, 17(3), 283–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251396017003001
86.
StrausM. A.HambyS. L.Boney-McCoyS.SugarmanD. (1999). Manual for the personal and relationships profile (PRP). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Family Research Laboratory. http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2
87.
StrausM. A.MouradianV. E. (1999). Preliminary psychometric data for the personal and relationships profile (PRP): A multi-scale tool for clinical screening and research on partner violence. American Society of Criminology, Toronto, Ontario.
88.
SutherlandJ. L.AmarA. F.SutherlandM. A. (2014). Victimization and perpetration of sexual violence in college-aged men and women. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 10(3), 153–159. https://doi.org/10.1097/JFN.0000000000000033
89.
SwartoutK. M.FlackW. F.Jr.CookS. L.OlsonL. N.SmithP. H.WhiteJ. W. (2019). Measuring campus sexual misconduct and its context: The administrator-researcher campus climate consortium (ARC3) survey. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(5):495–504. http://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000395
90.
*TilleyD. S.KolodetskyA.CottrellD.TiltonA. (2020). Correlates to increased risk of sexual assault and sexual harassment among LGBT+ university students. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 16(2), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1097/JFN.0000000000000284
91.
*TuplerL. A.ZappD.DejongW.AliM.O’RourkeS.LooneyJ.SwartzwelderH. S. (2017). Alcohol-related blackouts, negative alcohol-related consequences, and motivations for drinking reported by newly matriculated transgender college students. Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research, 41(5), 1012–1023. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13358
92.
WahabS.OlsonL. (2004). Intimate partner violence and sexual assault in Native American communities. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 5(4), 353–366. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838004269489
93.
*WalshK.SarvetA. L.WallM.GilbertL.SantelliJ.KhanS.ThompsonM. P.ReardonL.HirschJ. S.MellinsC. A. (2021). Prevalence and correlates of sexual assault perpetration and ambiguous consent in a representative sample of college students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(13–14), NP7005–NP7026. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518823293
94.
WardS.ChapmanK.CohnE.WhiteS.WilliamsK. (1991). Acquaintance rape and the college social scene. Journal of Family Relations, 40, 65–71.
95.
WestbrookL.SapersteinA. (2015). New categories are not enough: Rethinking the measurement of sex and gender in social surveys. Gender & Society, 29(4), 534–560. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243215584758
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
