Intimate partner violence (IPV) is prevalent among sexual minority women (SMW). However, compared to IPV research with heterosexual women and other LGBTQ+ population groups, SMW are understudied. We conducted a scoping review to examine the current state of knowledge about IPV among SMW, and to identify gaps and directions for future research. A search of Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases returned 1,807 papers published between January 2000 and December 2021. After independent reviewers screened these papers for relevance, 99 were included in the final review. Papers were included if they used quantitative methods and reported IPV data on adult SMW separately from other groups. Findings confirmed high rates of IPV among SMW and highlighted groups with particular vulnerabilities, including non-monosexual women and SMW of color. Risk factors for IPV in this population include prior trauma and victimization, psychological and emotional concerns, substance use, and minority stressors. Outcomes include poor mental and physical health. Findings related to the effects of minority stressors on IPV and comparisons across sexual minority groups were inconsistent. Future research should focus on IPV perpetration; mechanisms underlying risk for IPV, including structural-level risk factors; and understanding differences among SMW subgroups.
*AckermanJ.FieldL. (2011). The gender asymmetric effect of intimate partner violence on relationship satisfaction. Violence and Victims, 26(6), 703–724.
2.
*AlexanderK. A.VolpeE. M.AbboudS.CampbellJ. C. (2016). Reproductive coercion, sexual risk behaviours and mental health symptoms among young low-income behaviourally bisexual women: Implications for nursing practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 25(23–24), 3533–3544.
3.
*Ayhan BalikC. H.BilginH. (2019). Experiences of minority stress and intimate partner violence among homosexual women in turkey. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(19–20), 8984–9007.
4.
Badenes-RiberaL.Bonilla-CamposA.Frias-NavarroD.Pons-SalvadorG.MonterdeI. B. H. (2016). Intimate partner violence in self-identified lesbians: A systematic review of its prevalence and correlates. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 17(3), 284–297.
5.
Badenes-RiberaL.Frias-NavarroD.Bonilla-CamposA.Pons-SalvadorG.Monterde-i-BortH. (2015). Intimate partner violence in self-identified lesbians: A meta-analysis of its prevalence. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 12(1), 47–59.
6.
*BakerL. A.PearceyS. M.DabbsJ. M.Jr. (2002). Testosterone, alcohol, and civil and rough conflict resolution strategies in lesbian couples. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(4), 77–88.
7.
*BalsamK. F.RothblumE. D.BeauchaineT. P. (2005). Victimization over the life span: A comparison of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and heterosexual siblings. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(3), 477–487.
8.
*BalsamK. F.SzymanskiD. M. (2005). Relationship quality and domestic violence in women’s same-sex relationships: The role of minority stress. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29(3), 258–269.
9.
*BarrettB. J.St. PierreM. (2013). Intimate partner violence reported by lesbian-, gay-, and bisexual-identified individuals living in Canada: An exploration of within-group variations. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services: The Quarterly Journal of Community & Clinical Practice, 25(1), 1–23.
10.
*BarrientosJ.EscartinJ.LongaresL.Rodriguez-CarballeiraÁ. (2018). Sociodemographic characteristics of gay and lesbian victims of intimate partner psychological abuse in Spain and Latin America. Revista de Psicologia Social, 33(2), 240–274.
11.
*BattistaS. D.PaoliniD.PivettiM.BiondiP.BalsamoM.CarlucciL.CiglianoI. A.MazzoniS. (2021). Emotional abuse among lesbian Italian women: Relationship consequences, help-seeking and disclosure behaviors. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 25(2), 175–207.
12.
BermeaA. M.van Eeden-MoorefieldB.KhawL. (2018). A systematic review of research on intimate partner violence among bisexual women. Journal of Bisexuality, 18(4), 399–424.
13.
*BimbiD. S.PalmadessaN. A.ParsonsJ. T. (2007). Substance use and domestic violence among urban gays, lesbians and bisexuals. Journal of LGBT Health Research, 3(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1300/j463v03n02_01
14.
BlaskoK. A.WinekJ. L.BieschkeK. J. (2007). Therapists’ prototypical assessment of domestic violence situations. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 33(2), 258–269.
15.
*BlosnichJ. R.BossarteR. M. (2009). Comparisons of intimate partner violence among partners in same-sex and opposite-sex relationships in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 99(12), 2182–2184.
16.
BowlegL. (2008). When black + lesbian + woman ≠ black lesbian woman: The methodological challenges of qualitative and quantitative intersectionality research. Sex Roles, 59(5), 312–325.
17.
BowlegL. (2021). Evolving intersectionality within public health: From analysis to action. American Journal of Public Health, 111(1), 88–90.
18.
BrownM. J.GroscupJ. (2009). Perceptions of same-sex domestic violence among crisis center staff. Journal of Family Violence, 24(2), 87–93.
19.
*BrownR.McNairR.SzalachaL.LivingstonP. M.HughesT. (2015). Cancer risk factors, diagnosis and sexual identity in the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women’s Health. Womens Health Issues, 25(5), 509–516.
20.
*CarvalhoA.LewisR.DerlegaV.WinsteadB.ViggianoC. (2011). Internalized sexual minority stressors and same-sex intimate partner violence. Journal of Family Violence, 26(7), 501–509.
21.
*CastroE. D.NoblesM. R.ZavalaE. (2020). Assessing intimate partner violence in a control balance theory framework. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(3–4), 600–622.
22.
ChangS. (2018). Scoping reviews and systematic reviews: Is it an either/or question?Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 502–503.
23.
*CharakR.VillarrealL.SchmitzR. M.HiraiM.FordJ. D. (2019). Patterns of childhood mistreatment and intimate partner violence, emotion dysregulation, and mental health symptoms among lesbian, gay, and bisexual emerging adults: A three-step latent class approach. Child Abuse & Neglect, 89, 99–110.
24.
*ChenJ.WaltersM. L.GilbertL. K.PatelN. (2020). Sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence by sexual orientation, United States. Psychology of Violence, 10(1), 110–119.
25.
*ConronK. J.MimiagaM. J.LandersS. J. (2010). A population-based study of sexual orientation identity and gender differences in adult health. American Journal of Public Health, 100(10), 1953–1960.
26.
*CostonB. M. (2017). Power and inequality: Intimate partner violence against bisexual and non-monosexual women in the United States. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(1–2), 381–405.
27.
*CostonB. M. (2019). Disability, sexual orientation, and the mental health outcomes of intimate partner violence: A comparative study of women in the US. Disability and Health Journal, 12(2), 164–170.
28.
*CostonB. M. (2020). Patterns of post-traumatic health care service need and access among bisexual and non-monosexual women in the U.S. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 29(3), 348–364.
29.
*CraftS. M.SerovichJ. M.McKenryP. C.Ji-YoungL. (2008). Stress, attachment style, and partner violence among same-sex couples. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 4(1), 57–73.
30.
CrenshawK. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299.
31.
*DaigleL. E.HawkS. R. (2021). Sexual orientation, revictimization, and polyvictimization. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 19(1), 308–320.
32.
*DardisC. M.ShipherdJ. C.IversonK. M. (2017). Intimate partner violence among women veterans by sexual orientation. Women & Health, 57(7), 775–791.
33.
*DescampsM. J.RothblumE.BradfordJ.RyanC. (2000). Mental health impact of child sexual abuse, rape, intimate partner violence, and hate crimes in the National Lesbian Health Care Survey. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 11(1), 27–55.
34.
*DyarC.FeinsteinB. A.ZimmermanA. R.NewcombM. E.MustanskiB.WhittonS. W. (2020). Dimensions of sexual orientation and rates of intimate partner violence among young sexual minority individuals assigned female at birth: The role of perceived partner jealousy. Psychology of Violence, 10(4), 411–421.
35.
*EatonL.KaufmanM.FuhrelA.CainD.CherryC.PopeH.KalichmanS. (2008). Examining factors co-existing with interpersonal violence in lesbian relationships. Journal of Family Violence, 23(8), 697–705.
36.
*EdwardsK. M.SylaskaK. M.BarryJ. E.MoynihanM. M.BanyardV. L.CohnE. S.WalshW. A.WardS. K. (2015). Physical dating violence, sexual violence, and unwanted pursuit victimization: A comparison of incidence rates among sexual-minority and heterosexual college students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(4), 580–600.
37.
*FlentjeA.LeonA.CarricoA.ZhengD.DilleyJ. (2016). Mental and physical health among homeless sexual and gender minorities in a major urban US city. Journal of Urban Health, 93(6), 997–1009.
38.
*FortunataB.KohnC. S. (2003). Demographic, psychosocial, and personality characteristics of lesbian batterers. Violence and Victims, 18(5), 557–568.
39.
*GabbayN.LafontaineM.-F. (2017). Understanding the relationship between attachment, caregiving, and same sex intimate partner violence. Journal of Family Violence, 32(3), 291–304.
40.
*GamanA.McAfeeS.HomelP.JacobT. (2017). Understanding patterns of intimate partner abuse in male–male, male–female, and female–female couples. Psychiatric Quarterly, 88(2), 335–347.
41.
*GlickJ. L.LimS.BeckhamS. W.TomkoC.ParkJ. N.ShermanS. G. (2020). Structural vulnerabilities and HIV risk among sexual minority female sex workers (SM-FSW) by identity and behavior in Baltimore, MD. Harm Reduction Journal, 17(1), 43.
42.
*GoldbergN. G.MeyerI. H. (2013). Sexual orientation disparities in history of intimate partner violence: Results from the California Health Interview Survey. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(5), 1109–1118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512459384
43.
*GrahamL. M.JensenT. M.GivensA. D.BowenG. L.RizoC. F. (2019). Intimate partner violence among same-sex couples in college: A propensity score analysis. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(8), 1583–1610.
44.
*HarperG. W.CrawfordJ.LewisK.MwochiC. R.JohnsonG.OkothC.Jadwin-CakmakL.OnyangoD. P.KumarM.WilsonB. D. M. (2021). Mental health challenges and needs among sexual and gender minority people in western Kenya. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1311.
45.
*HeintzA. J.MelendezR. M. (2006). Intimate partner violence and HIV/STD risk among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(2), 193–208.
46.
*HellemansS.LoeysT.BuysseA.DewaeleA.De SmetO. (2015). Intimate partner violence victimization among non-heterosexuals: Prevalence and associations with mental and sexual well-being. Journal of Family Violence, 30(2), 171–188.
47.
*HirschelD.McCormackP. D. (2021). Same-sex couples and the police: A 10-year study of arrest and dual arrest rates in responding to incidents of intimate partner violence. Violence Against Women, 27(9), 1119–1149.
48.
*HolmesS. C.JohnsonN. L.ZlotnickC.SullivanT. P.JohnsonD. M. (2020). The association between demographic, mental health, and intimate partner violence victimization variables and undergraduate women’s intimate partner violence perpetration. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(1–2), 33–57.
49.
*HughesT.McCabeS. E.WilsnackS. C.WestB. T.BoydC. J. (2010). Victimization and substance use disorders in a national sample of heterosexual and sexual minority women and men. Addiction, 105(12), 2130–2140.
50.
*IrelandJ. L.BirchP.KolsteeJ.RitchieA. (2017). Partner abuse and its association with emotional distress: A study exploring LGBTI relationships. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 54, 107–117.
51.
*JacobsonL.DaireA. P.AbelE. M. (2015). Intimate partner violence: Implications for counseling self-identified LGBTQ college students engaged in same-sex relationships. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 9(2), 118–135.
52.
*JonesC. A.RaghavanC. (2012). Sexual orientation, social support networks, and dating violence in an ethnically diverse group of college students. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services: The Quarterly Journal of Community & Clinical Practice, 24(1), 1–22.
53.
*KelleyM. L.LewisR. J.MasonT. B. (2015). Discrepant alcohol use, intimate partner violence, and relationship adjustment among lesbian women and their relationship partners. Journal of Family Violence, 30(8), 977–986.
54.
*KellyB. C.IzienickiH.BimbiD. S.ParsonsJ. T. (2011). The intersection of mutual partner violence and substance use among urban gays, lesbians, and bisexuals. Deviant Behavior, 32(5), 379–404.
55.
KimC.SchmuhlM. (2019). Assessment of research on intimate partner violence (IPV) among sexual minorities in the United States. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(4), 766–776.
56.
*KimerlingR.IversonK. M.DichterM. E.RodriguezA. L.WongA.PavaoJ. (2016). Prevalence of intimate partner violence among women veterans who utilize Veterans Health Administration primary care. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 31(8), 888–894.
57.
KimmesJ. G.MalloryA. B.SpencerC.BeckA. R.CafferkyB.StithS. M. (2019). A meta-analysis of risk markers for intimate partner violence in same-sex relationships. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20(3), 374–384.
58.
KlostermannK.KelleyM. L.MilletichR. J.MignoneT. (2011). Alcoholism and partner aggression among gay and lesbian couples. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(2), 115–119.
59.
Langhinrichsen-RohlingJ.MisraT. A.SelwynC.RohlingM. L. (2012). Rates of bidirectional versus unidirectional intimate partner violence across samples, sexual orientations, and race/ethnicities: A comprehensive review. Partner Abuse, 3(2), 199–230.
60.
*LehavotK.WaltersK. L.SimoniJ. M. (2009). Abuse, mastery, and health among lesbian, bisexual, and two-spirit American Indian and Alaska Native women. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15(3), 275–284.
61.
*LewisR. J.MasonT. B.WinsteadB. A.KelleyM. L. (2017). Empirical investigation of a model of sexual minority specific and general risk factors for intimate partner violence among lesbian women. Psychology of Violence, 7(1), 110–119.
62.
*LewisR. J.MilletichR. J.DerlegaV. J.PadillaM. A. (2014). Sexual minority stressors and psychological aggression in lesbian women’s intimate relationships: The mediating roles of rumination and relationship satisfaction. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38(4), 535–550.
63.
LewisR. J.MilletichR. J.KelleyM. L.WoodyA. (2012). Minority stress, substance use, and intimate partner violence among sexual minority women. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17(3), 247–256.
64.
*LewisR. J.PadillaM. A.MilletichR. J.KelleyM. L.WinsteadB. A.Lau-BarracoC.MasonT. B. (2015). Emotional distress, alcohol use, and bidirectional partner violence among lesbian women. Violence Against Women, 21(8), 917–938.
65.
*LewisR. J.WinsteadB. A.BraitmanA. L.HitsonP. (2018). Discrepant drinking and partner violence perpetration over time in lesbians’ relationships. Violence Against Women, 24(10), 1149–1165.
66.
*LinK.HuR.WangX.XueJ. (2020). Female same-sex bidirectional intimate partner violence in China. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(9–10), NP6881–NP6902.
67.
*LongaresL.EscartínJ.Rodríguez-CarballeiraÁ. (2016). Collective self-esteem and depressive symptomatology in lesbians and gay men: A moderated mediation model of self-stigma and psychological abuse. Journal of Homosexuality, 63(11), 1481–1501.
68.
LongobardiC.Badenes-RiberaL. (2017). Intimate partner violence in same-sex relationships and the role of sexual minority stressors: A systematic review of the past 10 years. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(8), 2039–2049.
69.
*MakW. W.ChongE. S.KwongM. M. (2010). Prevalence of same-sex intimate partner violence in Hong Kong. Public Health, 124(3), 149–152.
70.
*MasonT. B.LewisR. J.MilletichR. J.KelleyM. L.MinifieJ. B.DerlegaV. J. (2014). Psychological aggression in lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals’ intimate relationships: A review of prevalence, correlates, and measurement issues. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19(3), 219–234.
71.
*McCauleyH. L.SilvermanJ. G.DeckerM. R.AgenorM.BorreroS.TancrediD. J.ZelaznyS.MillerE. (2015). Sexual and reproductive health indicators and intimate partner violence victimization among female family planning clinic patients who have sex with women and men. Journal of Womens Health, 24(8), 621–628.
72.
McClennenJ. C. (2009). Researching gay and lesbian domestic violence: The journey of a non LGBT researcher. In MeezanW.MartinJ. I. (Eds.), Handbook of research with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations (pp. 223–237). Taylor & Francis, Inc.
73.
*McKenryP. C.SerovichJ. M.MasonT. L.MosackK. (2006). Perpetration of gay and lesbian partner violence: A disempowerment perspective. Journal of Family Violence, 21(4), 233–243.
74.
*McNairR.PennayA.HughesT. L.LoveS.ValpiedJ.LubmanD. I. (2018). Health service use by same-sex attracted Australian women for alcohol and mental health issues: A cross-sectional study. BJGP Open, 2(2), bjgpopen18X101565.
75.
*MessingerA. M. (2011). Invisible victims: Same-sex IPV in the National Violence Against Women Survey. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(11), 2228–2243.
76.
MessingerA. M. (2018). Bidirectional same-gender and sexual minority intimate partner violence. Violence and Gender, 5(4), 241–249.
77.
*MessingerA. M.DyarC.BirminghamR. S.NewcombM. E.WhittonS. W. (2019). Sexual and gender minority intimate partner violence and childhood violence exposure. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(19–20), NP10322–NP10344.
78.
MeyerI. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697.
79.
*MillerD. H.GreeneK.CausbyV.WhiteB. W.LockhartL. L. (2001). Domestic violence in lesbian relationships. Women & Therapy, 23(3), 107–127.
80.
*MilletichR.GumiennyL.KelleyM.D’LimaG. (2014). Predictors of women’s same-sex partner violence perpetration. Journal of Family Violence, 29(6), 653–664.
81.
*MizeK. D.ShackelfordT. K. (2008). Intimate partner homicide methods in heterosexual, gay, and lesbian relationships. Violence & Victims, 23(1), 98–114.
82.
*MoraccoK. E.RunyanC. W.BowlingJ. M.EarpJ. A. L. (2007). Women’s experiences with violence: A national study. Women’s Health Issues, 17(1), 3–12.
83.
MurphyC. M.HooverS. A. (1999). Measuring emotional abuse in dating relationships as a multifactorial construct. Violence & Victims, 14(1), 39–53.
84.
MurrayC. E.MobleyA. K. (2009). Empirical research about same-sex intimate partner violence: A methodological review. Journal of Homosexuality, 56(3), 361–386.
85.
*MuznyC. A.PérezA. E.EatonE. F.AgénorM. (2018). Psychosocial stressors and sexual health among southern African American women who have sex with women. LGBT Health, 5(4), 234–241.
86.
*OginniO. A.JernP.RahmanQ.RijsdijkF. V. (2021). Do psychosocial factors mediate sexual minorities’ risky sexual behaviour? A twin study. Health Psychology, 41(1), 76–84.
87.
*OwenS. S.BurkeT. W. (2004). An exploration of prevalence of domestic violence in same-sex relationships. Psychological Reports, 95(1), 129–132.
88.
*PepperB. I.SandS. (2015). Internalized homophobia and intimate partner violence in young adult women’s same-sex relationships. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 24(6), 656–673.
89.
PetersM. D. J.MarnieC.TriccoA. C.PollockD.MunnZ.AlexanderL.MclnerneyP.GodfreyC. M.KhalilH. (2021). Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evidence Synthesis, 18(10), 2119–2126.
90.
*PittmanD. M.Riedy RushC.HurleyK. B.MingesM. L. (2020). Double jeopardy: Intimate partner violence vulnerability among emerging adult women through lenses of race and sexual orientation. Journal of American College Health, 70(1), 265–273.
91.
*PoormanP. B.SeelauS. M. (2001). Lesbians who abuse their partners: Using the FIRO-B to assess interpersonal characteristics. Women & Therapy, 23(3), 87–105.
92.
*PyraM.WeberK.WilsonT. E.CohenJ.MurchisonL.GoparajuL.CohenM. H. (2014). Sexual minority status and violence among HIV infected and at-risk women. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 29(8), 1131–1138.
93.
*RauschM. A. (2016a). Adverse childhood experiences and intimate partner violence in lesbian and queer relationships. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 10(2), 97–111.
94.
*RauschM. A. (2016b). Systemic acceptance of same-sex relationships and the impact on intimate partner violence among cisgender identified lesbian and queer individuals. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 11(3–4), 270–284.
95.
*ReisnerS. L.FalbK. L.WagenenA. V.GrassoC.BradfordJ. (2013). Sexual orientation disparities in substance misuse: The role of childhood abuse and intimate partner violence among patients in care at an urban community health center. Substance Use & Misuse, 48(3), 274–289.
96.
*ReuterT. R.NewcombM. E.WhittonS. W.MustanskiB. (2017). Intimate partner violence victimization in LGBT young adults: Demographic differences and associations with health behaviors. Psychology of Violence, 7(1), 101–109.
97.
RohrbaughJ. B. (2006). Domestic violence in same-gender relationships. Family Court Review, 44(2), 287–299.
98.
*ScheerJ. R.BaamsL. (2021). Help-seeking patterns among LGBTQ young adults exposed to intimate partner violence victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(17–18), 8050–8069.
99.
*ScheerJ. R.PachankisJ. E.BränströmR. (2020). Gender-based structural stigma and intimate partner violence across 28 countries: A population-based study of women across sexual orientation, immigration status, and socioeconomic status. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(11–12), NP8941–NP8964.
100.
*Schwab-ReeseL. M.CurrieD.MishraA. A.Peek-AsaC. (2021). A comparison of violence victimization and polyvictimization experiences among sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents and young adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(11–12), NP5874–NP5891.
101.
SolarzA. L. (1999). Lesbian health: Current assessment and directions for the future. National Academy Press.
102.
*SteeleS. M.EverettB. G.HughesT. L. (2020). Influence of perceived femininity, masculinity, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status on intimate partner violence among sexual-minority women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(1–2), 453–475.
103.
*StevensS.KorchmarosJ.MillerD. (2010). A comparison of victimization and perpetration of intimate partner violence among drug abusing heterosexual and lesbian women. Journal of Family Violence, 25(7), 639–649.
104.
StrausM. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The conflict tactics (CT) scales. Journal of Marriage and Family, 41(1), 75–88.
105.
*SutterM. E.RabinovitchA. E.TrujilloM. A.PerrinP. B.GoldbergL. D.CostonB. M.CaltonJ. M. (2019). Patterns of intimate partner violence victimization and perpetration among sexual minority women: A latent class analysis. Violence Against Women, 25(4), 572–592.
106.
*SwannG.DyarC.NewcombM. E.WhittonS. W. (2020). Longitudinal transitions in intimate partner violence among female assigned at birth sexual and gender minority youth. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(7–8), NP4578–NP4603.
107.
*SwiatloA. D.KahnN. F.HalpernC. T. (2020). Intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization among young adult sexual minorities. Perspectives on Sexual & Reproductive Health, 52(2), 97–105.
108.
*SzalachaL. A.HughesT. L.McNairR.LoxtonD. (2017). Mental health, sexual identity, and interpersonal violence: Findings from the Australian Longitudinal Women’s Health Study. BMC Womens Health, 17(1), 94.
109.
*TelescoG. A. (2003). Sex role identity and jealousy as correlates of abusive behavior in lesbian relationships. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 8(2–3), 153–169.
110.
TolmanR. M. (1999). The validation of the psychological maltreatment of women inventory. Violence and Victims, 14(1), 25–37.
111.
TriccoA. C.LillieE.ZarinW.O’BrienK.ColquhounH.KastnerM.LevacD.NgC.SharpeJ. P.WilsonK.KennyM.WarrenR.WilsonC.StelfoxH. T.StrausS. E. (2016). A scoping review on the conduct and reporting of scoping reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 16, 15.
112.
TriccoA. C.LillieE.ZarinW.O’BrienK. K.ColquhounH.LevacD.MoherD.PetersM. D. J.HorsleyT.WeeksL.HempelS.AklE. A.ChangC.McGowanJ.StewartL.HartlingL.AldcroftA.WilsonM. G.GarrittyC.. . . StrausS. E. (2018). Prisma extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-SCR): Checklist and explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 467–473.
113.
*TrujilloO.CantuJ. I.CharakR. (2020). Unique and cumulative effects of intimate partner cybervictimization types on alcohol use in lesbian, gay, and bisexual emerging adults. CyberPsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 23(11), 743–751.
114.
*TurellS. C. (2000). A descriptive analysis of same-sex relationship violence for a diverse sample. Journal of Family Violence, 15(3), 281–293.
115.
*TurellS. C.BrownM.HerrmannM. (2018). Disproportionately high: An exploration of intimate partner violence prevalence rates for bisexual people. Sexual & Relationship Therapy, 33(1–2), 113–131.
116.
*UmmakE.Toplu-DemirtaşE.JessenR. S. (2021). Untangling the relationship between internalized heterosexism and psychological intimate partner violence perpetration: A comparative study of lesbians and bisexual women in Turkey and Denmark. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(15–16), NP14337–NP14367.
117.
*ValentineS.ElsesserS.GrassoC.SafrenS.BradfordJ.MereishE.O’CleirighC. (2015). The predictive syndemic effect of multiple psychosocial problems on health care costs and utilization among sexual minority women. Journal of Urban Health, 92(6), 1092–1104.
118.
*ValentineS. E.PeitzmeierS. M.KingD. S.O’CleirighC.MarquezS. M.PresleyC.PotterJ. (2017). Disparities in exposure to intimate partner violence among transgender/gender nonconforming and sexual minority primary care patients. LGBT Health, 4(4), 260–267.
119.
*VelopulosC. G.CarmichaelH.ZakrisonT. L.CrandallM. (2019). Comparison of male and female victims of intimate partner homicide and bidirectionality: An analysis of the National Violent Death Reporting System. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 87(2), 331–336.
120.
WaltersM. L.ChenJ.BreidingM. J. (2013). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2010 findings on victimization by sexual orientation. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
121.
*WathenC. N.MacgregorJ. C. D.TanakaM.MacquarrieB. J. (2018). The impact of intimate partner violence on the health and work of gender and sexual minorities in Canada. International Journal of Public Health, 63(8), 945–955.
122.
*WhiteheadJ.DawsonM.HottonT. (2020). Same-sex intimate partner violence in Canada: Prevalence, characteristics, and types of incidents reported to police services. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(23–24), 10959–10988.
123.
*WhitfieldD. L.CoulterR. W. S.Langenderfer-MagruderL.JacobsonD. (2021). Experiences of intimate partner violence among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender college students: The intersection of gender, race, and sexual orientation. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(11–12), NP6040–NP6064.
124.
*WhittonS. W.DyarC.MustanskiB.NewcombM. E. (2019). Intimate partner violence experiences of sexual and gender minority adolescents and young adults assigned female at birth. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 43(2), 232–249.
125.
*WhittonS. W.LawlaceM.DyarC.NewcombM. E. (2021). Exploring mechanisms of racial disparities in intimate partner violence among sexual and gender minorities assigned female at birth. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 27(4), 602–612.
126.
*WhittonS. W.NewcombM. E.MessingerA. M.ByckG.MustanskiB. (2019). A longitudinal study of IPV victimization among sexual minority youth. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(5), 912–945.
127.
*WongJ. W. H.LaV. V.LeeS. E.RaidooS. (2020). The ALOHA study: Intimate partner violence in Hawai’i’s lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community. Hawai’i Journal of Health & Social Welfare, 79(6), 187–193.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
