Adolescence is a developmental period in which disordered eating and negative body image are highly prevalent, yet their risk factors are insufficiently understood and targeted. Despite research implicating both teasing and bullying victimization in the development of eating disorders, these strands of research are yet to be integrated. This systematic review hence aimed to identify whether teasing and bullying victimization are associated with greater risk of eating disorders and body image disturbance for adolescents. Systematic searches of PsycINFO and PubMed databases identified 79 papers that included quantitative analyses of the relationship between weight-related or nonspecific teasing or bullying victimization and disordered eating or body image disturbance. Overall, studies indicated that adolescents who are teased or bullied are more likely to experience disordered eating and negative body image compared to nonvictimized adolescents. This was more consistently observed in cross-sectional studies than in longitudinal findings. We identify several methodological limitations of the literature, including the infrequent consideration of potential mediating and moderating variables. Finally, we outline future directions such as temporal sequencing of the complex interrelationships among teasing and bullying, disordered eating, and body image disturbance in adolescents.
AtaR. N.LuddenA. B.LallyM. M. (2007). The effects of gender and family, friend, and media influences on eating behaviours and body image during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 1024–1037. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9159-x
CattarinJ. A.ThompsonJ. K. (1994). A three-year longitudinal study of body image, eating disturbance, and general psychological functioning in adolescent females. Eating Disorders, 2(2), 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640269408249107
5.
ChenG.HeJ.ZhangB.FanX. (2019). Body weight and body dissatisfaction among Chinese adolescents: Mediating and moderating roles of weight-related teasing. Current Psychology, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00572-8
6.
ChenH.JacksonT. (2009). Predictors of changes in weight esteem among mainland Chinese adolescents: A longitudinal analysis. Developmental Psychology, 45(6), 1618–1629. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016820
7.
ChesterK. L.CallaghanM.CosmaA.DonnellyP.CriagW.WalshS.MolchoM. (2015). Cross-national time trends in bullying victimization in 33 countries among children aged 11, 13 and 15 from 2002 to 2010. European Journal of Public Health, 25(1), 61–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckv029
8.
Chisuwa-HayamiN.HarukiT. (2017). Associations of body-related teasing with weight status, body image, and dieting behavior among Japanese adolescents. Health Promotion Perspectives, 7(2), 80–87. https://doi.org/10.15171/hpp.2017.15
9.
Cook-CottoneC.SerwackiM.GuykerW.SodanoS.NickersonA.Keddie-OlkaE.AndersonL. (2016). The role of anxiety on the experience of peer victimization and eating disorder risk. School Mental Health, 8, 354–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-016-9178-z
10.
CopelandW. E.BulikC. M.ZuckerN.WolkeD.LereyaS. T.CostelloE. J. (2015). Does childhood bullying predict eating disorder symptoms? A prospective, longitudinal analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 48(8), 1141–1149. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22459
11.
da CostaM. R.XavierC. C.AndradeA. C.ProiettiF. A.CaifaffaW. T. (2015). Bullying among adolescents in a Brazilian urban centre—“Health in Beagá” study. Revista de Saúde Pública, 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910.2015049005188
12.
DakanalisA.TimkoA. C.ClericiM.RivaG.CarràG. (2017). Objectified body consciousness (OBC) in eating psychopathology: Construct validity, reliability, and measurement invariance of the 24-Item OBC scale in clinical and nonclinical adolescent samples assessment. Assessment, 24(2), 252–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191115602553
13.
DuarteC.Pinto-GouveiaJ.StubbsR. J. (2017). The prospective association between bullying experiences, body image shame and disordered eating in a sample of adolescent girls. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 319–325. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.05.003
14.
DuguéR.RennerF.AustermannM.Tuschen-CaffierB.JacobG. A. (2019). Imagery rescripting in individuals with binge-eating behavior: An experimental proof-of-concept study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 52(2), 183–188. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22995
15.
EddyK. T.Tanofsky-KraffM.Thompson-BrennerH.HerzogD. B.BrownT. A.LudwigD. S. (2007). Eating disorder pathology among overweight treatment-seeking youth: Clinical correlates and cross-sectional risk modelling. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2360–2371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.03.017
16.
EisenbergM. E.Neumark-SztainerD.HainesJ.WallM. (2006). Weight-teasing and emotional well-being in adolescents: Longitudinal findings from Project EAT. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(6), 675–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.07.002
17.
ElizatheL. S.AranaF. G.RutszteinG. (2018). A cross-sectional model of eating disorders in Argentinean overweight and obese children. Eating and Weight Disorders, 23, 125–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-016-0321-5
18.
EngstromI.NorringC. (2001). Risk for binge eating in a nonclinical Swedish adolescent sample: A repeated measure study. European Eating Disorders Review, 9(6), 427–441. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.404
19.
Fairweather-SchmidtA. K.WadeT. D. (2015). Changes in genetic and environmental influences on disordered eating between early and late adolescence: A longitudinal twin study. Psychological Medicine, 45(15), 3249–3258. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001257
20.
Fairweather-SchmidtA. K.WadeT. D. (2017). Weight-related peer-teasing moderates genetic and environmental risk and disordered eating: Twin study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 210(5), 350–355. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.184648
21.
FordJ. D.DelkerB. C. (2018). Polyvictimization in childhood and its adverse impacts across the lifespan: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 19(3), 275–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2018.1440479
22.
ForneyK. J.KeelP. K.O’ConnorS.SiskC.BurtS. A.KlumpK. L. (2019). Interaction of hormonal and social environments in understanding body image concerns in adolescent girls. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 109, 178–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.12.008
23.
FoxC. L.FarrowC. V. (2009). Global and physical self-esteem and body dissatisfaction as mediators of the relationship between weight status and being a victim of bullying. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 1287–1301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.12.006
24.
GalmicheM.DéchelotteP.LambertG.TavolacciM. P. (2019). Prevalence of eating disorders over the 2000–2018 period: A systematic literature review. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 109(5), 1402–1413. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy342
25.
GardnerR. M.StarkK.FriedmanB. N.JacksonN. A. (2000). Predictors of eating disorder scores in children ages 6 through 14: A longitudinal study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 49, 199–205.
GerkeC.MazzeoS. E.SternM.PalmbergA. A.EvansR. K.WickhamE. P. (2013). The Stress process and eating pathology among racially diverse adolescents seeking treatment for obesity. Journal of Paediatric Psychology, 38(7), 785–793. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jst042
28.
GoldfieldG.MooreC.HendersonK.BuchholzA.ObeidN.FlamentM. (2010). The Relation between weight-based teasing and psychological adjustment in adolescents. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 15(5), 283–288.
29.
GoldschmidtA. B.WallM. M.ChooT. J.BeckerC.Neumark-SztainerD. (2016). Shared risk factors for mood-, eating-, and weight-related health outcomes. Health Psychology, 35(3), 245–252. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000283
30.
GoldschmidtA. B.WallM. M.LothK. A.Neumark-SztainerD. (2015). Risk factors for disordered eating in overweight adolescents and young adults. Journal of Paediatric Psychology, 40(10), 1048–1055. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsv053
31.
GonsalvesD.HawkH.GoodenowC. (2014). Unhealthy weight control behaviors and related risk factors in Massachusetts middle and high school students. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 18(8), 1803–1813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-013-1424-5
32.
GonzagaI.ClaumannG. S.ScarabelotK. S.SilvaD. A. S.PelegriniA. (2019). Body image dissatisfaction in adolescents: Comparison with physical activity, teasing and social support. Journal of Health Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105319887796
33.
HainesJ.KleinmanK. P.Rifas-ShimanS. L.FieldA. E.AustinB. (2010). Examination of shared risk and protective factors for overweight and disordered eating among adolescents. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 164(4), 336–343. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.19
34.
HainesJ.Neumark-SztainerD.EisenbergM. E.HannanP. J. (2006). Weight teasing and disordered eating behaviors in adolescents: Longitudinal findings from Project EAT (Eating Among Teens). Paediatrics, 117(2). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1242
35.
HamlatE. J.ShaperoB. G.HamiltonJ. L.StangeJ. P.AbramsonL. Y.AlloyL. B. (2015). Pubertal timing, peer victimization, and body esteem differentially predict depressive symptoms in African American and Caucasian girls. Journal of Early Adolescence, 35(3), 378–402. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431614534071
36.
HandW. B.RobinsonJ. C.StewartM. W.ZhangL.HandS. C. (2017). The Identity threat of weight stigma in adolescents. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 39(8), 991–1007. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945917704201
37.
HasselleA. J.HowellK. H.DormoisM.Miller-GraffL. E. (2017). The influence of childhood polyvictimization on disordered eating symptoms in emerging adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 68, 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.04.003
38.
Hayden-WadeH. A.SteinR. I.GhaderiA.SaelensB. E.ZabinskiM. F.WilfleyD. E. (2005). Prevalence, characteristics, and correlates of teasing experiences among overweight children vs. non-overweight peers. Obesity Research, 13(8), 1381–1392. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2005.167
39.
HimmelsteinM. S.PuhlR. M.WatsonR. J. (2019). Weight-based victimization, eating behaviors, and weight-related health in sexual and gender minority adolescents. Appetite, 141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104321
40.
HolubcikovaJ.KolarcikP.GeckovaA. M.Van DijkJ. P.ReijneveldS. A. (2015). Is subjective perception of negative body image among adolescents associated with bullying?European Journal of Pediatrics, 174(8), 1035–1041. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-015-2507-7
41.
HutchinsonD. M.RapeeR. M.TaylorA. (2010). Body dissatisfaction and eating disturbances in early adolescence: A structural modelling investigation examining negative affect and peer factors. Journal of Early Adolescence, 30(4), 489–517. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431609340522
42.
HymelS.SwearerS. M. (2015). Four decades of research on school bullying: An introduction. American Psychologist, 70(4), 293–299. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038928
43.
JacksonT.ChenH. (2008a). Predicting changes in eating disorder symptoms among adolescents in China: An 18-month prospective study. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37(4), 874–885. https://doi.org/10.1080/1537441080235984
44.
JacksonT.ChenH. (2008b). Predicting changes in eating disorder symptoms among Chinese adolescents: A 9-month prospective study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64, 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.08.015
45.
Kaltiala-HeinoR.RimpeläM.RantanenP.RimpeläA. (2000). Bullying at school—An indicator of adolescents at risk for mental disorders. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 661–674. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2000.0351
46.
KeeryH.BoutelleK.van den BergP.ThompsonJ. K. (2005). The impact of appearance-related teasing by family members. Journal of Adolescent Health, 37(2), 120–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.08.015
47.
KeltnerD.CappsL.KringA. M.YoungR. C.HeereyE. A. (2001). Just teasing: A conceptual analysis and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 229–248.
48.
Khanh-Dao LeL.BarendregtJ. J.HayP.MihalopoulosC. (2017). Prevention of eating disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 53, 46–58. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.02.001
49.
KnackJ. M.TsarV.VaillancourtT.HymelS.McDougallP. (2012). What protects rejected adolescents from also being bullied by their peers? The moderating role of peer-valued characteristics. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22(3), 467–479. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00792.x
50.
KohlmannC.EschenbeckH.Heim-DregerU.HockM.PlattT.RuchW. (2018). Fear of being laughed at in children and adolescents: Exploring the importance of overweight, underweight, and teasing. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1447. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01447
LandD. (2003). Teasing apart secondary students’ conceptualizations of peer teasing, bullying, and sexual harassment. School Psychology International, 24(2), 157–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034303024002002
53.
LandstedtE.PerssonS. (2014). Bullying, cyberbullying, and mental health in young people. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 42, 393–399. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494814525004
54.
LavellC. H.WebbH. J.Zimmer-GembeckM. J.FarrellL. J. (2018). A prospective study of adolescents’ body dysmorphic symptoms: Peer victimization and the direct and protective roles of emotion regulation and mindfulness. Body Image, 24, 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.11.006
55.
LeeK. S.GuyA.DaleJ.WolkeD. (2017). Does psychological functioning mediate the relationship between bullying involvement and weight loss preoccupation in adolescents? A two-stage cross-sectional study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(38). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0491-1
56.
LeeK. S.VaillancourtT. (2018). Longitudinal associations among bullying by peers, disordered eating behavior, and symptoms of depression during adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry, 75(6), 605–612. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0284
57.
LeeK. S.VaillancourtT. (2019a). A four-year prospective study of bullying, anxiety, and disordered eating behavior across early adolescence. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 50(5), 815–825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-019-00884-7
58.
LeeK. S.VaillancourtT. (2019b). Body mass index, peer victimization, and body dissatisfaction across 7 years of childhood and adolescence: Evidence of moderated and mediated pathways. Developmental Science, 22(2), e12734. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12734
59.
LevineM. P.SmolakL.HaydenH. (1994). The relation of sociocultural factors to eating attitudes and behaviors among middle school girls. Journal of Early Adolescence, 14(4), 471–490.
60.
LibbeyH. P.StoryM. T.Neumark-SztainerD. R.BoutelleK. N. (2008). Teasing, disordered eating behaviors, and psychological morbidities among overweight adolescents. Obesity, 16(2). S24–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.455
61.
LieS. O.RøØ.BangL. (2019). Is bullying and teasing associated with eating disorders? A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 52, 497–514. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23035
62.
LiebermanM.GauvinL.BukowskiW. M.WhiteD. R. (2001). Interpersonal influence and disordered eating behaviors in adolescent girls: The role of peer modelling, social reinforcement, and body-related teasing. Eating Behaviors, 2(3), 215–236.
63.
LinY.LatnerJ. D.FungX. C. C.LinC. (2018). Poor health and experiences of being bullied in adolescents: Self-perceived overweight and frustration with appearance matter. Obesity, 26(2), 397–404. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22041
64.
LundeC.FrisénA.HwangC. P. (2007). Ten-year-old girls’ and boys’ body composition and peer victimization experiences: Prospective associations with body satisfaction. Body Image, 4(1), 11–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2006.10.002
65.
LunnerK.WerthemE. H.ThompsonJ. K.PaxtonS. J.McDonaldF.HalvaarsonK. S. (2000). A cross-cultural examination of weight-related teasing, body image, and eating disturbance in Swedish and Australian samples. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 28(4), 430–435.
66.
MarcoJ. H.Tormo-IrunM. P. (2018). Cyber victimization is associated with eating disorder psychopathology in adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 987. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00987
67.
MarshL.McGeeR.Nada-RajaS.WilliamsS. (2010). Brief report: Text bullying and traditional bullying among New Zealand secondary school students. Journal of Adolescence, 33(1), 237–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.06.001
68.
MatosM.FerreiraC.DuarteC.Pinto-GouveiaJ. (2014). Eating disorders: When social rank perceptions are shaped by early shame experiences. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 88(1), 38–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12027
69.
MayesS. D.CalhounS. L.BawejaR.MahirF. (2015). Maternal ratings of bullying and victimization: Differences in frequencies between psychiatric diagnoses in a large sample of children. Psychological Reports, 116(3), 710–722. https://doi.org/10.2466/16.PR0.116k30w8
70.
MenzelJ. E.SchaeferL. M.BurkeN. L.MayhewL. L.BrannickM. T.ThompsonJ. K. (2010). Appearance-related teasing, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating: A meta-analysis. Body Image, 7, 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.05.004
71.
MicaliN.SolmiF.HortonN. J.CrosbyR. D.EddyK. T.CalzoJ. P.SonnevilleK. R.SwansonS. A.FieldA. E. (2015). Adolescent eating disorders predict psychiatric, high-risk behaviors and weight outcomes in young adulthood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(8), 652–659.
72.
MitchisonD.MondJ.BusseyK.GriffithsS.TrompeterN.LonerganA.PikeK. M.MurrayS. B.HayP. (2019). DSM-5 full syndrome, other specified, and unspecified eating disorders in Australian adolescents: Prevalence and clinical significance. Psychological Medicine, 1–10. https://doi-org.simsrad.net.ocs.mq.edu.au/10.1017/S0033291719000898
Neumark-SztainerD. R.BauerK. W.FriendS.HannanP. J.StoryM.BergeJ. M. (2010). Family weight talk and dieting: How much do they matter for body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors in adolescent girls?Journal of Adolescent Health, 47(3), 270–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.02.001
75.
Neumark-SztainerD. R.FalknerN.StoryM.PerryC.HannanP. J.MulertS. (2002). Weight-teasing among adolescents: Correlations with weight status and disordered eating behaviours. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 26(1), 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801853
76.
Neumark-SztainerD. R.WallM. W.HainesJ. I.StoryM. T.SherwoodN. E.van den BergP. A. (2007). Shared risk and protective factors for overweight and disordered eating in adolescents. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33(5), 359–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.07.031
OkadaL. M.MirandaR. R.das Graças PenaG.LevyR. B.AzeredoC. M. (2019). Association between exposure to interpersonal violence and social isolation, and the adoption of unhealthy weight control practices. Appetite, 142, 104384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104384
79.
Olenik-ShemeshD.HeimanT. (2017). Cyberbullying victimization in adolescents as related to body esteem, social support, and social self-efficacy. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 178(1), 28–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2016.1195331
80.
OlweusD. (1991). Bully/victim problems among schoolchildren: Basic facts and effects of a school-based intervention program. In RubinK.PeplerD. (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 411–448). Erlbaum.
81.
PaxtonS. J.EisenbergM. E.Neumark-SztainerD. (2006). Prospective predictors of body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls and boys: A five-year longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 888–889. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.888
82.
PearlmanA. T.SchveyN. A.Higgins NeylandM. K.SolomonS.HenniganK.SchindlerR.LeuW.GillmoreD.ShankL. M.LavenderJ. M.BurkeN. L.WilfleyD. E.SbroccoT.StephensM.JorgensenS.KleinD.QuinlanJ.Tanofsky-KraffM. (2020). Associations between family weight-based teasing, eating pathology, and psychosocial functioning among adolescent military dependents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010024
83.
PhilippiS. T.LemeA. C. (2018). Weight teasing: Does body dissatisfaction mediate weight-control behaviors of Brazilian adolescent girls from low-income communities?Reports in Public Health, 34(6). https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00029817
84.
Pinto-GouveiaJ.FerreiraC.DuarteC. (2014). Thinness in the pursuit of social safeness: An integrative model of social rank mentality to explain eating psychopathology. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 21, 154–165. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1820
85.
PlumedJ.GimenoN.BarberáM.RuizE.ConesaL.Rojo-BofillL. M.LivianosL.RojoL. (2019). Teasing as a risk factor for abnormal eating behaviours: A prospective study in an adolescent population. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition), 12(1), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpsm.2017.06.007
86.
PuhlR. M.KingK. M. (2013). Weight discrimination and bullying. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 27(2), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2012.12.002
Ramos SalazarL. (2017). Cyberbullying victimisation as a predictor of cyberbullying perpetration, body image dissatisfaction, healthy eating and dieting behaviours, and life satisfaction. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517725737
89.
RohdeP.SticeE.MartiC. N. (2015). Development and predictive effects of eating disorder risk factors during adolescence: Implications for prevention efforts. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 48(2), 187–198. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22270
90.
RosewallJ. K.GleavesD. H.LatnerJ. D. (2018). An examination of risk factors that moderate the body dissatisfaction-eating pathology relationship among New Zealand adolescent girls. Journal of Eating Disorders, 6(38). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-018-0225-
SchaeferM. K.SalafiaE. H. B. (2014). The connection of teasing by parents, siblings, and peers with girls’ body dissatisfaction and boys’ drive for muscularity: The role of social comparison as a mediator. Eating Behaviors, 15, 599–608. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.08.018
93.
SchmidtU.AdanR.BöhmI.CampbellI. C.DingemansA.EhrlichS.FavaroA.GielK.HarrisonA.HimmerichH.HoekH. W.Herpertz-DahlmannB.KasM. J.SeitzJ.SmeetsP.SternheimL.TenconiE.van ElburgA.…ZipfelS. (2016). Eating disorders: The big issue. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(4), 313–315.
94.
SchveyN. A.MarwitzS. E.MiS. J.GalescuO. A.BroadneyM. M.Young-HymanD.BradyS. M.ReynoldsJ. C.Tanofsky-KraffM.YanovskiS. Z.YanovskiJ. A. (2019). Weight-based teasing is associated with gain in BMI and fat mass among children and adolescents at-risk for obesity: A longitudinal study. Pediatric Obesity, 14(10), e12538. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12538
95.
ShamseerL.MoherD.ClarkeM.GhersiD.LiberatiA.PetticrewM.ShekelleP.StewartL. A.the PRISMA-P Group. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: Elaboration and explanation. BMJ, 349, g7647. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g7647
96.
SimoneM.HooperL.EisenbergM. E.Neumark-SztainerD. (2019). Unhealthy weight control behaviors and substance use among adolescent girls: The harms of weight stigma. Social Science & Medicine, 233, 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.05.047
97.
SmokowskiP. R.EvansC. B. R. (2019). Bullying and victimization across the lifespan: Playground politics and power. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20293-4
98.
SticeE. (2016). Interactive and mediational etiologic models of eating disorder onset: Evidence from prospective studies. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12, 359–381. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093317
99.
SticeE.MartiC. N.RohdeP. (2013). Prevalence, incidence, impairment and course of the proposed DSM-5 eating disorder diagnoses in an 8-year prospective community study of young women. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(2), 445–457. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030679
100.
SticeE.WhitentonK. (2002). Risk factors for body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls: A longitudinal investigation. Developmental Psychology, 38(5), 669–678. https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.38.5.669
101.
StrahanE. J.WilsonA. E.CressmanK. E.BuoteV. M. (2006). Comparing to perfection: How cultural norms for appearance affect social comparisons and self-image. Body Image, 3, 211–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2006.07.004
102.
TaylorN. L. (2011). “Guys, she’s humongous!”: Gender and weight-based teasing in adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Research, 26(2), 178–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558410371128
103.
ThomasH. J.ConnorJ. P.LawrenceD. M.HafekostJ. M.ZubrickS. R.ScottJ. G. (2017). Prevalence and correlates of bullying victimisation and perpetration in a nationally representative sample of Australian youth. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 51(9), 909–920. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867417707819
104.
ThomasH. J.ConnorJ. P.ScottJ. G. (2018). Why do children and adolescents bully their peers? A critical review of key theoretical frameworks. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 53(5), 437–451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-1462-1
105.
ThomasR. L.KellyA. B.ChanG. C. K.WilliamsJ. W. (2017). Linking eating and weight control attitudes to relationship experiences: A large-scale survey of adolescent females. Journal of Adolescence, 58, 67–73. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.04.008
106.
ThompsonJ. K.CoovertM. D.RichardsK. J.JohnsonS.CattarinJ. (1995). Development of body image, eating disturbance, and general psychological functioning in female adolescents: Covariance structure modelling and longitudinal investigations. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18(3), 221–236.
107.
TsaiM.ChangY.LienP.WongY. (2011). Survey on eating disorders related thoughts, behaviours and dietary intake in female junior high school students in Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 20(2), 196–205.
108.
ValoisD. D.DavisC. G.BuchholzA.ObeidN.HendersonK.FlamentM.GoldfieldG. S. (2019). Effects of weight teasing and gender on body esteem in youth: A longitudinal analysis from the REAL study. Body Image, 29, 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.02.009
109.
van den BergP. A.WertheimE. H.ThompsonJ. K.PaxtonS. J. (2002). Development of body image, eating disturbance, and general psychological functioning in adolescent females: A replication using covariance structure modelling in an Australian sample. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 32(1), 46–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.10030
110.
Veiga da Silva SiqueiraD.Dos SantosI. M.PereiraL. L.Leal Tosta dos SantosS. C.CristinoP. S.Pena Messias de Figueiredo FilhoC. E.FigueiredoA. L. (2019). Impact of oral health and body image in school bullying. Special Care in Dentistry, 39(4), 375–379. https://doi-org.simsrad.net.ocs.mq.edu.au/10.1111/scd.12401
111.
WangS. B.HaynosA. F.WallM. M.ChenC.EisenbergM. E.Neumark-SztainerD. (2019). Fifteen-year prevalence, trajectories, and predictors of body dissatisfaction from adolescence to middle adulthood. Clinical Psychological Science, 7(6), 1403–1415. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702619859331
112.
WatsonH.RapeeR.TodorovN. (2016). Imagery rescripting of revenge, avoidance, and forgiveness for past bullying experiences in young adults. Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 45(1), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2015.1108360
113.
WertheimE. H.KoernerJ.PaxtonS. J. (2001). Longitudinal predictors of restrictive eating and bulimic tendencies in three different age groups of adolescent girls. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30(1), 69–81.
114.
WestC. E.GoldschmidtA. B.MasonS. M.Neumark-SztainerD. (2019). Differences in risk factors for binge eating by socioeconomic status in a community-based sample of adolescents: Findings from Project EAT. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 52(6), 659–668. https://doi-org.simsrad.net.ocs.mq.edu.au/10.1002/eat.23079
115.
Young-HymanD.Tanofsky-KraffM.YanovskiS. Z.KeilM.CohenM. L.PeyrotM.YanovskiJ. A. (2006). Psychological status and weight-related distress in overweight or at-risk-for-overweight children. Obesity, 14(12), 2249–2258. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2006.264
116.
Zimmer-GembeckM. J.WebbH. J.KerinJ.WatersA. M.FarrellL. J. (2020). Risk factors and temporal patterns of disordered eating differ in adolescent boys and girls: Testing gender-specific appearance anxiety models. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420000188
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
