Andrews and Bonta (2003) have presented a model of effective correctional programming focusing on risk, need, and responsivity factors for a general criminal population. When applied to sexual offenders, the first two issues (risk assessment and treatment targets such as cognitive distortions) have received a great deal of research attention. However, little attention has been paid to responsivity issues: those factors that influence the extent to which clients benefit, or fail to benefit, from treatment programs. This article presents a review of several potential responsivity factors related to sexual offender treatment and outlines areas that require further research attention.
Abel, G. G.
, Barlow, D. H., Blanchard, E. B., & Guild, D. (1977). The components of rapists’ sexual arousal. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34, 895-903.
2.
Abel, G. G.
, Becker, J. V., & Cunningham-Rathner, J. (1984). Complications, consent, and cognitions in sex between children and adults. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 7, 89-103.
3.
Abel, G. G.
, Gore, D., Holland, C., Camp, N., Becker, J., & Rathner, J. (1989). The measurement of the cognitive distortions of child molesters. Annals of Sex Research, 2, 135-153.
4.
Abracen, J.
, Looman, J., & Anderson, D. (2000). Alcohol and drug abuse in sexual and nonsexual violent offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 12, 263-274.
5.
Andrews, D. A.
, Bonta, J. (1994). The psychology of criminal conduct. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.
6.
Andrews, D. A.
, & Bonta, J. (1998). The psychology of criminal conduct (2nd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.
7.
Andrews, D. A.
, & Bonta, J. (2003). The psychology of criminal conduct (3rd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.
8.
Andrews, D. A.
, & Bonta, J., & Hoge, R. D. (1990). Classification for effective rehabilitation: Rediscovering psychology. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 17, 19-52.
9.
Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers
. (2005). Practice standards and guidelines for the evaluation, treatment and management of adult male sexual abusers. Beaverton, OR. Author.
10.
Baldwin, K.
, & Roy, D. (1998). Factors associated with denial in a sample of alleged adult sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 10(3),211-226.
11.
Barbaree, H. E.
(1997). Evaluating treatment efficacy with sexual offenders: The insensitivity of recidivism studies to treatment effects. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 9, 111-128.
12.
Barbaree, H. E.
, Seto, M. C., & Langton, C. (2001). Psychopathy, treatment behavior and sex offender recidivism: Extended follow-up. Paper presented at the 17th annual meeting of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, San Antonio, TX.
13.
Barbaree, H.
, Seto, M., & Maric, A. (1996). Sex offender characteristics, responseto treatment, and correctional release decisions at the Warkworth Sexual Behaviour Clinic. Ottawa: Correctional Service of Canada.
14.
Birgisson, G.
(1996). Differences of personality, defensiveness, and compliance between admitting and denying male sex offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 11, 118-125.
15.
Bonta, J.
(1995). The responsivity principle and offender rehabilitation. Forum on Corrections Research, 7(3), 34-37.
16.
Brown, S.
, & Motiuk, L. (1996). Factors related to recidivism among released federal sex offenders. Ottawa: Correctional Service of Canada.
17.
Budd, R.
, & Rollnick, S. (1996). The structure of the Readiness to Change Questionnaire: A test of Prochaska and DiClemente’s transtheoretical model. British Journal of Health Psychology, 1, 365-376.
18.
Buss, A.
, & Durkee, A. (1957). An inventory for assessing different kinds of hostility. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 343-349.
19.
Carriere, D. (2001). Program attrition and treatment resistance in correctional population. Unpublished comprehensive examination, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
20.
Cohen, M. L.
, Seghorn, T., & Calmas, W. (1969). Sociometric study of sex offenders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 74, 249-255.
21.
Cooke, D. J.
, & Michie, C. (2001). Refining the construct of psychopathy: Toward a hierarchical model. Psychological Assessment, 13, 171-188.
22.
Craissati, J.
, & Beech, A. (2001). Attrition in a community treatment program for child sexual abusers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16(3), 205-221.
23.
Craissati, J.
, & McClurg, G. (1997). The Challenge Project: A treatment program evaluation for perpetrators of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 21(7), 637-648.
24.
Dhwan, S.
, & Marshall, W. L. (1996). Sexual abuse histories of sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 8(1), 7-15.
25.
Dwyer, M.
, Amberson, J., & Tensley, J. (1988). Bem Sex Role Inventory undifferentiated score: A comparison of sexual dysfunction patients with sexual offenders. Journal of Offender Counseling Services and Rehabilitation, 13(1), 75-81.
26.
Freeman, A.
, & Dolan, M. (2001). Revisiting Prochaska and DiClemente’s stages of change theory: An expansion and specification to aid in treatment planning and outcome evaluation. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 8, 224-234.
27.
Friendship, C.
, Mann, R. E., & Beech, A. R. (2003, July). Evaluation of a national prison-based treatment program for sexual offenders in England and Wales. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 744-759.
28.
Furby, L.
, Weinrott, M., & Blackshaw, L. (1989). Sex offender recidivism: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 3-30.
29.
Gallagher, C. A.
, Wilson, D. B., Hirschfield, P., Coggeshall, M. B., & MacKenzie, D. L. (1999). A quantitative review of the effects of sex offender treatment on sexual reoffending. Corrections Management Quarterly, 3, 19-29.
30.
Garland, R.
, & Dougher, M. (1991). Motivational intentions in the treatment of sex offenders. In W. Miller & M. Rollnick (Eds.), Motivational interviewing: Preparing people to change addictive behavior (pp. 303-313). New York: Guilford.
31.
Geer, T. M.
, Becker, J. V., Gray, S. R., & Krauss, D. (2001). Predictors of treatment completion in a correctional sex offender treatment program. Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 45(3), 302-313.
32.
George, W.
, & Marlatt, A. (1985). Relapse prevention with sexualoffenders: A treatment manual. Tampa: Florida Mental Health Institute.
33.
Gully, K.
, Mitchell, C., Butter, C., & Harwood, R. (1990). Sex offenders: Identifying who can complete a residential treatment program. Behavioural Sciences and the Law, 8, 465-471.
34.
Hall, G. C. N.
(1995). Sexual offender recidivism revisited: A meta-analysis of recent treatment studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 802-809.
35.
Hall, G. C. N.
, & Hirschman, R. (1991). Toward a theory of sexual aggression: A quadripartite model. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 643-669.
36.
Hall, R. L.
(1989). Self-efficacy ratings. In D. R. Laws (Ed.), Relapse prevention with sex offenders (pp. 137-146). New York: Guilford.
37.
Hanson, R. K.
(1997). How to know what works with sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 9, 129-145.
38.
Hanson, R. K.
(2001). Research summary: Age and sexual recidivism (Research Brief). Ottawa, Canada: Department of Solicitor General.
39.
Hanson, R. K.
, & Bussière, M. T. (1998). Predicting relapse: A meta-analysis of sexual offender recidivism studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 348-362.
40.
Hanson, R. K.
, Gordon, A., Harris, A. J. R., Marques, J. K., Murphy, W., Quinsey, V. L., et al. (2002). First report of the collaborative outcome data project on the effective-ness of psychological treatment for sex offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 14, 167-192.
41.
Hanson, R. K.
, & Slater, S. (1988). Sexual victimization in the history of sexual abusers: A review. Annals of Sex Research, 1, 485-499.
42.
Hare, R. D.
(1980). A research scale for the assessment of psychopathy in criminal populations. Personality and Individual Differences, 1, 111-119.
43.
Hare, R. D.
(1991). Manual for the Revised Psychopathy Checklist. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
44.
Hare, R. D.
(1992). A model program for offenders at high risk for violence. Ottawa: Correctional Service of Canada.
45.
Hare, R. D.
(1998). Psychopaths and their nature: Implications for the mental health and criminal justice systems. In T. Millon, E. Simonsen, M. Birket-Smith, & R. D. Davis (Eds.). Psychopathy: Antisocial, criminal and violent behaviour (pp. 188-212). New York: Guilford.
46.
Hare, R. D.
(2003). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist—Revised (PCL–R) (2nd ed.). Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
47.
Harris, G.
, Rice, G., & Cormier, C. (1991). Psychopathy and violent recidivism. Law and Human Behaviour, 15, 625-637.
48.
Haymaker, D. (1988). Aspects of personality functioning in an incarcerated sex-offender population. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville.
49.
Hudson, M.
, & Ward, T. (1997). Intimacy, loneliness, and attachment styles in sexual offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12, 323-339.
50.
Jenkins-Hall, K.
(1994). Outpatient treatment of child molesters: Motivational factors and outcome. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 21, 139-150.
51.
Kear-Colwell, J.
, & Pollack, P. (1997). Motivation or confrontation: Which approach to the child sex offender?Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 24, 20-23.
52.
Kennedy, S. M.
(2000). Treatment responsivity: Reducing recidivism by enhancing treatment effectiveness. Forum on Corrections Research, 12(2), 19-23.
53.
Kennedy, H.
, & Grubin, D. (1992). Patterns of denial in sex offenders. Psychological Medicine, 22, 191-196.
54.
Knight, R. A.
, Carter, D. L., & Prentky, R. A. (1989). A system for the classification of child molesters: Reliability and application. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 4, 3-23.
55.
Knight, R. A.
, & Prentky, R. (1989). Classifying sexual offenders: The development and corroboration of taxonomic models. In W. L. Marshall, D. R. Laws, & H.Barbaree (Eds.), The handbook of sexual assault: Issues, theories and treatment of the offender (pp. 23-52). New York: Plenum.
56.
Knight, R. A.
, & Sims-Knight, J. (2003). The developmental antecedents of sexual coercion against women: Testing alternative hypotheses with structural equation modelling. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 989, 72-85.
57.
Lalumiére, M.
, & Quinsey, V. (1994). The discriminability of rapists from non-sex offenders using phallometric measures: A meta-analysis. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 21, 150-175.
58.
Langevin, R.
, & Lang, R. (1985). Psychological treatment of pedophiles. Behavioural Sciences and the Law, 3, 403-419.
59.
Langevin, R.
, & Pope, S. (1993). Working with learning disabled sex offenders. Annals of Sex Research, 6, 149-160.
60.
Langevin, R.
, Wright, P., & Handy, L. (1989). Characteristics of sex offenders who were sexually victimized as children. Annals of Sex Research, 2, 227-253.
61.
Laws, D. R.
, & Marshall, W. L. (1991). Masturbatory reconditioning with sexual deviates: An evaluative review. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 13, 13-25.
62.
Lee, J.
, Pattison, P., Jackson, H., & Ward, T. (2001). The general, common and specific features of psychopathology for different types of paraphilias. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 28(2), 227-256.
63.
Lee, J.
, Proueve, M., Lancaster, M., & Jackson, H. (1996). An evaluation and 1-year follow-up study of a community-based treatment program for sex offenders. Australian Psychologist, 31(2), 147-152.
64.
Levenson, J.
, & Macgowan, M. (2004). Engagement, denial and treatment progress among sex offenders in group therapy. Sexual Abuse: AJournal of Research and Treatment, 16(1), 49-63.
65.
Littell, J.
, & Girvin, H. (2002). Stages of change: A critique. Behaviour Modification, 26, 223-273.
66.
Looman, J. (2003) [PCL-R factor scores and treatment outcome]. Unpublished raw data.
67.
Looman, J.
, Abracen, J., & Nicholaichuk, T. P. (2000). Recidivism among treated sexual offenders and matched controls: Data from the Regional Treatment Centre (Ontario). Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15, 279-290.
68.
Looman, J.
, Abracen, J., Serin, R. C., & Marquis, P. (2005). Psychopathy, treatment change and recidivism in high-risk, high-need sexual offenders. Journal ofInterpersonal Violence, 20, 549-568.
69.
Looman, J.
, Gauthier, C., & Boer, D. (2001). Replication of the Massachusetts Treatment Center child molester typology in a Canadian sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16, 753-767.
70.
Looman, J.
, & Marshall, W. L. (2001). Phallometric assessments designed to detect arousal to children: The responses of rapists and child molesters. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 13 (1), 3-13.
71.
Lösel, F.
(1998). Treatment and management of psychopaths. In D. J. Cooke, A. E. Forth, & R. D. Hare (Eds.), Psychopathy: Theory, research and implications for society (pp. 303-354). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
72.
Lund, C.
(2000). Predictors of sexual recidivism: Did meta-analysis clarify the role and relevance of denial?Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 12(4), 275-288.
73.
Lussier, P.
, Proulx, J., & McKibben, A. (2001). Personality characteristics and adaptive strategies to cope with negative emotional states and deviant sexual fantasies in sexual aggressors. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 45, 159-170.
74.
Maddocks, P. D.
(1970). A five year follow-up of untreated psychopaths. British Journal of Psychiatry, 116, 511-515.
75.
Malamuth, N. M.
(2003). Criminal and non-criminal sexual aggressors: Integrating psychopathy in a hierarchical-mediational confluence model. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 989, 33-58.
76.
Malcolm, B. (2001). Child molester denial: Utilizing a multi-method assessment approach. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
77.
Malcolm, P.
, Andrews, D., & Quinsey, V. (1993).Discriminant and predictive validity of phallometrically measured sexual and gender preference. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8, 486-501.
78.
Maletzky, B.
(1994). Factors associated with success and failure in the behavioral and cognitive treatment of sexual offenders. Annals of Sex Research, 6, 241-258.
79.
Marlatt, A.
(1989). How to handle the PIG. In D. R. Laws (Ed.), Relapse prevention with sex offenders (pp. 227-235). New York: Guilford.
80.
Marques, J. K.
(1999). How to answer the question: Does sex offender treatment work?Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14(4), 437-451.
81.
Marques, J. K.
, Day, D. M., Nelson, C., & West, M. A. (1994). Effects of cognitive-behavioral treatment on sex offender recidivism: Preliminary results of a longitudinal study. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 21(1), 28-54.
82.
Marques, J. K.
, Nelson, C., West, M. A., & Day, D. M. (1994). The relationship between treatment goals and recidivism among child molesters. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 577-588.
83.
Marques, J. K.
, Wiederanders, M., Day, D. M, Nelson, C., & van Ommeren, A. (2005). Effects of a relapse prevention program on sexual recidivism: Final results from California’s Sex Offender Treatment and Evaluation Project (SOTEP). Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 17, 79-107.
84.
Marshall, W. L.
(1993). The treatment of sex offenders: What does the outcome data tell us? A reply to Quinsey, Harris, Rice and Lalumiére. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8, 524-530.
85.
Marshall, W. L.
(2005). Therapist style in sexual offender treatment: Influence on indices of change. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 17, 109-116.
86.
Marshall, W. L.
, & Anderson, D. (2000). Do relapse prevention components enhance treatment effectiveness? In D. R. Law, S. M. Hudson, & T. Ward (Eds.), Remaking relapse prevention with sexual offenders: A sourcebook (pp.39-55). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
87.
Marshall, W. L.
, & Barbaree, H. (1990). Outcome of comprehensive cognitive behavioral treatment programs. In W.Marshall, D. R. Laws, & H. Barbaree (Eds.), Handbook of sexual assault: Issues, theories, and treatment of the offender (pp. 363-385). New York: Plenum.
88.
Marshall, W. L.
, & Eccles, A. (1991). Issues in clinical practice with sex offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 6, 68-93.
89.
Marshall, W. L.
, Eccles, A., & Barbaree, H. (1993). A three-tiered approach to the rehabilitation of incarcerated sex offenders. Behavioural Sciences and the Law, 11, 441-455.
90.
Marshall, W. L.
, & Fernandez, Y. M. (2003). Phallometric testing with sexual offenders. Brandon, VT: Safer Society Press.
91.
Marshall, W. L.
, Fernandez, Y. M., Serran, G. A., Mulloy, R., Thornton, D., Mann, R. E., et al. (2003). Therapist characteristics in the treatment of sexual offenders: Tentative data on their relationship with indices of behaviour change. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 9, 25-30.
92.
Marshall, W. L.
, Jones, R., Ward, T., Johnston, P., & Barbaree, H. E. (1991). Treatment outcome with sex offenders. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 465-485.
93.
Marshall, W. L.
, & Pithers, W. D. (1994). A reconsideration of treatment outcome with sex offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 21, 10-27/.
94.
McKenzie, K.
, Witte, T., Beyko, M., Wong, S., Olver, M., & Wormith, S. (2002, May). Predictors of attrition in a sex offender program. Poster presentation at the Canadian Psychological Association 63rd Annual Convention, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Moore, D.
, Bergman, B., & Knox, P. (1999). Predictors of sex offender treatment completion. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 7, 73-88.
97.
Nicholaichuk, T.
, Gordon, A., Gu, D., & Wong, S. (2000). Outcome of an institutional sexual offender treatment program: A comparison between treated and matched untreated offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 12, 139-153.
98.
Ogloff, J. R. P.
, Wong, S., & Greenwood, A. (1990). Treating criminal psychopaths in a therapeutic community program. Behavioural Sciences and the Law, 8, 181-190.
99.
Polizzi, D.
, MacKenzie, D., & Hickman, L. (1999). What works in adult sex offender treatment? A review of prison- and non-prison-based treatment programs. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 43, 357-374.
100.
Porporino, F.
, Fabiano, E., & Robinson, D. (1991). Focusing on successful reintegration: Cognitive skills training for offenders. Ottawa: Correctional Service of Canada, Research and Statistics Branch.
101.
Prentky, R. A.
, & Knight, R. A. (1991). Identifying critical dimensions for discriminating among rapists. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 643-661.
102.
Prentky, R. A.
, Knight, R. A., Rosenberg, R., & Lee, A. (1989). A path analytic approach to the validation of a taxonomic system for classifying child molesters. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 5, 231-257.
103.
Preston, D. L.
(2000). Treatment resistance in corrections. Forum on Corrections Research, 12, 24-28.
104.
Prochaska, J.
, & DiClemente, C. (1982). Transtheoretical therapy: Toward a more integrative model of change. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 20, 161-173.
105.
Prochaska, J.
, & DiClemente, C. (1986). Toward a comprehensive model of change. In W. Miller & S. Rollnick (Eds.), Motivational interviewing: Preparing people to change addictive behaviour (pp. 191-202). New York: Guilford.
106.
Prochaska, J.
, DiClemente, C., & Norcross, J. (1992). In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviours. American Psychologist, 47, 1102-1114.
107.
Quinsey, V. L.
, Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., & Cormier, C. A. (1998). Violent offenders: Appraising and managing risk. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
108.
Quinsey, V. L.
, Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., & Lalumiére, M. L.(1993). Assessing treatment efficacy in outcome studies of sex offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8, 512-523.
109.
Quinsey, V. L.
, Khanna, A., & Malcolm, B. (1998). A retrospective evaluation of the Regional Treatment Centre sexual offender treatment program.Journal of Interpersonal Violence13, 621-644.
110.
Quinsey, V. L.
, Lalumiére, M. L., Rice, M. E., & Harris, G. T. (1995). Predicting sexual offences. In J. C. Campbell (Ed.), Assessing dangerousness: Violence by sexual Offenders, batterers and child abusers (pp. 114-137). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
111.
Rada, R.
, Laws, D. R., & Kellner, R. (1976). Plasma testosterone levels in the rapist. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38, 257-268.
112.
Regional Treatment Centre Sexual Offender Treatment Program (RTCSOTP)
(2002).Case file for program accreditation. Kingston, Canada: Author.
113.
Rice, M. E.
, & Harris, G. T. (1997). Risk appraisal and management of violent behavior. Psychiatric Services, 48 (9), 1168-1176.
114.
Rice, M. E.
, & Harris, G. T. (2003). The size and sign of treatment effects on sex offender therapy. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 989, 428-440.
115.
Rice, M. E.
, Harris, G. T., & Cormier, C. A. (1992). An evaluation of a maximum security therapeutic community for psychopaths and other mentally disordered offenders. Law and Human Behaviour, 16, 399-412.
116.
Salekin, R. T.
(2002). Psychopathy and therapeutic pessimism. Clinical lore or clinical reality?Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 79-112.
117.
Salter, A.
(1988). Treating child sex offenders and victims. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
118.
Schwartz, B. K.
(1995). Characteristics and typlogies of sex offenders. In B. K. Schwartz & H. R. Cellini (Eds.), The sex offender: Corrections, treatment and legal practice (pp. 31-31–3-36). Kingston, NJ: Civil Research Institute.
119.
Serin, R. C.
, & Kennedy, S. (1997). Treatment readiness and responsivity: Contributing to effective correctional programming (Research Report R-54). Ottawa: Correctional Service of Canada.
120.
Serin, R. C.
, Malcolm, B., Khanna, A., & Barbaree, H. (1994). Psychopathy and deviant arousal in incarcerated sexual offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 9, 3-11.
121.
Serin, R. C.
, & Mailloux, D. (2003). Assessment of sex offenders: Lessons learned from the assessment of nonsex offenders. In R. Prentky, E. Janus, & M. Seto (Eds.), Sexually coercive behaviour: Understanding and management (pp. 185-197). New York: New York Academy of Sciences.
122.
Serin, R. C.
, Mailloux, D., & Malcolm, B. (2001) Psychopathy, deviant sexual arousal, and recidivism among sexual offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16(3), 234-246.
123.
Seto, M.
, & Barbaree, H. (1999). Psychopathy, treatment behaviour, and sex offender recidivism. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14(12), 1235-1248.
124.
Shaw, T. A.
, Herkov, M. J., & Greer, R. A. (1995). Examination of treatment completion and predicted outcome among incarcerated sex offenders. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 23(1), 35-41.
125.
Silver, L.
(1991). Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder: Is it a learning disability or a related disorder? Silver’s reply. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24(5), 259-260.
126.
Strassberg, D.
, Whittaker, W., & Dillinger, R. (2002, October). Predicting residential treatment outcome for sex offenders. Paper presented at the 21st annual meeting of the American Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, Montreal, Canada.
127.
Thornton, D.
, & Doren, D. M. (2002). Constructing and testing a framework for dynamic risk assessment. Sexual Abuse: AJournal of Research and Treatment, 14(2), 139-153.
128.
Tierney, D.
, & McCabe, M. (2002). Motivation for behaviour change among sex offenders: A review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 113-129.
129.
Timmerman, I.
, & Emmelkamp, P. (2001). The prevalence and co-morbidity of Axis I and Axis II pathology in a group of forensic patients. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 45(2), 198-213.
130.
Ward, T.
, Day, A., Howells, K., & Birgden, A. (2004). The multifactor offender readiness model. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9,645-673.
131.
Wong, S.
(2000). Psychopathic offenders. In S. Hodgins & R. Müller-Isberner (Eds.), Violence, crime and mentally disordered offenders: Concepts and methods for effective treatment and prevention (pp. 87-112). New York: John Wiley.
132.
Abracen, J.
, & Looman, J. (2004). Issues in the treatment of sexual offenders: Recent developments and directions for future research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9,229-246.
133.
Andrews, D. A.
, & Bonta, J. (2003). The psychology of criminal conduct (3rd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.
134.
Marshall, W. L.
, Anderson, D., & Fernandez, Y. (1999). Cognitive behavioural treatment of sexual offenders. Toronto: John Wiley.
