According to clinical observations and research findings in other fields, cultural issues may explain the poor outcomes associated with African American men in conventional batterer counseling. Practitioner-researchers recommend culturally focused batterer counseling as an appropriate response to these issues. Culturally focused counseling includes a curriculum that identifies specific cultural topics, counselors that respond to emergent cultural issues, and racially homogeneous groups that encourage disclosure. The outcome research on culturally sensitive counseling and racially homogeneous counseling in general is, however, very limited and offers only tentative support for culturally focused batterer counseling. Only some very preliminary research has been conducted on culturally focused batterer counseling. Clinical trial evaluations that control for cultural identification are therefore needed to substantiate the effectiveness of culturally focused batterer counseling. Other components, such as specialized case management and community linkages and development, might be necessary to achieve a substantial improvement in counseling outcomes.
Aponte, J.
, & Barnes, J. (1995). Impact of acculturation and moderator variables on the intervention and treatment of ethnic groups. In J. Aponte, R. Rivers, & J. Wohl (Eds.), Psychological interventions and cultural diversity (pp. 19-39). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
2.
Asante, M.
(1981). Black male and female relationships: An Afrocentric context. In L. Gary (Eds.), Black men. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
3.
Austin, J.
, & Dankwort, J. (1999). Standards from batterer programs: A review and analysis. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 152-169.
4.
Babcock, J.
, Green, C., & Robie, C. (in press). Does batterers' treatment work? A meta-analytic review of domestic violence treatment. Clinical Psychology Review.
5.
Bell, Y. R.
, Bouie, C. L., & Baldwin, J. A. (1990). Afrocentric cultural consciousness and African American male-female relationships. Journal of Black Studies, 21, 162-189.
6.
Blake, W.
, & Darling, C. (1994). The dilemmas of the African American male. Journal of Black Studies, 24, 402-415.
7.
Brodsky, A.
(1982). Sex, race, and class issues in psychotherapy research. In J. Harvey & M. Parks (Eds.), Psycho-therapy research and behavior change (pp. 127-150). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
8.
Brown, B.
, Joe, G., & Thompson, P. (1985). Minority group status and treatment retention. International Journal of the Addictions, 20, 319-335.
9.
Caetano, R.
, Clark, C., & Tam, T. (1998). Alcohol consumption among racial/ethnic minorities. Alcohol Health & Research World, 22, 233-242.
10.
Carrillo, R.
, & Tello, J. (Eds.) (1998). Family violence and men of color: Healing the wounded male spirit. New York: Springer.
11.
Cowger, C.
(1994). Assessing client strengths: Clinical assessment for client empowerment. Social Work, 39, 262-268.
12.
Dana, R.
(1998). Understanding cultural identity in intervention and assessment. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
13.
Davis, L.
(1984). Essential components of group work with Black Americans. Social Work with Groups, 7, 97-109.
14.
Davis, R.
, & Taylor, B. (1999). Does batterer treatment reduce violence? A synthesis of the literature. Women and Criminal Justice, 10, 69-93.
15.
Davis, R.
, Taylor, B., & Maxwell, C. (1998). Does batterer treatment reduce violence? A randomized experiment in Brooklyn. National Institute of Justice Final Report, Washington, DC.
16.
Feder, L.
, & Forde, D. (2000). A test of the efficacy of court-mandated counseling for domestic violence offenders: The Broward experiment. National Institute of Justice Final Report, Washington, DC.
17.
Franklin, A.
(1999). Invisibility syndrome and racial identity development in psychotherapy and counseling African American men. Counseling Psychologist, 27, 761-793.
18.
Garfield, G.
(1998). A community involvement model: A response to violence against women in Central Harlem. Unpublished report available from the African American Task Force on Violence Against Women, Harlem Legal Services, New York.
19.
Gary, L.
(1985). Attitudes toward human service organizations: Perspectives from an urban black community. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences, 21, 445-458.
20.
Goldstein, J.
(1990). Strength or pathology: Ethical and rhetorical contrasts in approaches to practice. Families in Society, 71, 267-275.
21.
Gondolf, E.
(1980). Institution/neighborhood interface: A clash of two cultures. Journal of the Community Development Society, 11, 19-37.
22.
Gondolf, E.
(1997a). Expanding batterer program evaluations. In G. Kaufman & J. Jasinski (Eds.), Out of darkness: Contemporary research perspectives on family violence (pp. 208-218). Thousand Oaks, CA; Sage.
23.
Gondolf, E.
(1997b). Patterns of reassault in batterer programs. Violence and Victims, 12, 373-387.
24.
Gondolf, E.
(1999a). Characteristics of court-mandated batterers in four cities: Diversity and dichotomies. Violence Against Women, 5, 1277-1293.
25.
Gondolf, E.
(1999b). A comparison of reassault rates in four batterer programs: Do court referral, program length and services matter?Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 41-61.
26.
Gondolf, E.
(2000a). Limitations of experimental evaluation of batterer programs. Trauma, Violence and Abuse, 2, 79-88.
27.
Gondolf, E.
(2000b). Reassault at 30-months after batterer program intake. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 44, 111-128.
28.
Gondolf, E.
, & Jones, A. (in press). The program effect of batterer programs in three cities. Violence and Victims.
29.
Hampton, R.
, Carrillo, R., & Kim, J. (1998). Violence in communities of color. In R. Carillo & J. Tello (Eds.), Family violence and men of color: Healing the wounded male spirit (pp. 74-94). New York: Springer.
30.
Harper, F.
(1980). Research and treatment with black alcoholics. Alcohol Health and Research World, 4 (4), 10-16.
31.
Helms, J.
, & Parham, T. (1990). Black Racial Identity Attitudes Scale (form RIAS-B). In J. E. Helms (Ed.), Black and white racial identity: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 245-248). Westport, CT: Praeger.
32.
Helms, J.
, & Parham, T. (1996). The Black Racial Identity Attitude Scale. In R. Jones (Ed.), Handbook of tests and measurements for Black populations: Volume 2 (pp. 167-174). Hampton, VA: Cobb & Henry.
33.
Hu, T.
, Snowden, L., Jerrell, J., & Nguyen, T. (1991). Ethnic populations in public mental health: Services choice and level of use. American Journal of Public Health, 81, 1429-1434.
34.
Humphreys, K.
, & Woods, M. (1993). Researching mutual help group participation in a segregated society. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 29, 181-210.
35.
Hutchison, I.
, Hirschel, J., & Pesackis, E. (1994). Family violence and police utilization. Violence and Victims, 9, 299-313.
36.
Jones, E.
(1982). Psychotherapists' impressions of treatment outcome as a function of race. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 722-731.
37.
Landrine, H.
, & Klonoff, E. (1994). The African American Acculturation Scale: Development, reliability, validity. Journal of Black Psychology, 20, 104-127.
38.
Landrine, H.
, & Klonoff, E. (1995). The African American Acculturation Scale II: Cross-validation and short form. Journal of Black Psychology, 21, 124-152.
39.
Logan, S.
(1990). Social work practice with black families: A culturally specific perspective. New York: Longman.
40.
Lum, D.
(1986). Social work practice and people of color: A process-stage approach. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
41.
Nelson, L.
(1999). Assembling the pieces: An African American perspective on community and family violence. Newsletter of the National Institute on Domestic Violence in the African American Community, 1(2), 1-3.
42.
Nickerson, K.
, Helms, J., & Terrell, F. (1994). Cultural mistrust, opinions about mental illness, and black students' attitudes toward seeking psychological help from white counselors. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 378-385.
43.
Oliver, W.
(1994). The violent social world of African American men. New York: Lexington Books.
44.
Parham, T.
, & Helms, J. (1981). The influence of Black students' racial identity attitudes on preferences for counselor's race. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 250-257.
45.
Pena, J. M.
, & Bland, I. J. (2000). Racial identity and its assessment in a sample of African American men in treatment for cocaine. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 26, 97-112.
46.
Pence, E.
, & Paymar, M. (1993). Education groups for men who batter: The Duluth model. New York: Springer.
47.
Pomales, J.
, & Williams, V. (1989). Effects of level of acculturation and counseling style on Hispanic students' perceptions of counselor. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 79-83.
48.
Ponterotto, J.
(Ed.) (1995). Handbook of multicultural counseling. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
49.
Ponterotto, J.
, Anderson, W. H., & Grieger, I. Z. (1986). Black students' attitudes toward counseling as a function of racial identity. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 14, 50-59.
50.
Ponterotto, J.
, & Casas, J. M. (1991). Handbook of racial/ethnic minority counseling research. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
51.
Rasheed, J.
, & Rasheed, M. (Eds.) (1999). Social work practice with African American men: The invisible presence. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
52.
Richardson, T.
, & Molinaro, K. (1996). White counselor self-awareness: A prerequisite for multicultural competence. Journal of Counseling and Development, 73, 238-242.
53.
Richie, B.
(2000). A Black feminist's reflection on the antiviolence movement. Signs, 25, 1133-1137.
54.
Robinson, T.
, & Howard-Hamilton, M. (1994). An Afrocentric paradigm: Foundation for a healthy self-image and healthy interpersonal relationships. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 16, 327-340.
55.
Rosenheck, R.
, Fontana, A., & Cottrol, C. (1995). Effect of clinician-veteran racial pairing in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 555-563.
56.
Saleeby, D.
(Ed.). (1992). The strengths perspective in social work practice: Power in the people. White Plains, NY: Longman.
57.
Stone, C.
(1999). Race, crime, and the administration of justice: A summary of the available facts. National Institute of Justice Journal, 239, 26-32.
58.
Stordeur, R.
, & Stille, R. (1989). Ending men's violence against their partners. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
59.
Sue, D. W.
, & Sue, D. (1999). Counseling the culturally different: Theory and practice (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley.
60.
Sue, S.
, Chun, C., & Gee, K. (1995). Ethnic minority intervention and treatment research. In J. F. Aponte, R. Y. Rivers, & J. Wohl (Eds.), Psychological interventions and cultural diversity (pp. 266-282). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
61.
Sue, S.
, Fujino, D., Hu, L., Takeuchi, D., & Zane, N. (1991). Community mental health services for ethnic minority groups: A test of the cultural responsiveness hypothesis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59, 533-540.
62.
Sue, S.
, Zane, N., & Young, K. (1994). Research on psycho-therapy with culturally diverse populations. In A. E. Bergin & S. L. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (pp. 783-817). New York: John Wiley.
63.
Thorn, G.
, & Sarata, B. (1998). Psychotherapy with African American men: What we know and what we need to know. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 26, 240-254.
64.
Wade, J.
(1994). Substance abuse: Implications for counseling African American men. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 16, 415-434.
65.
Williams, O.
(1993). Developing an African American perspective to reduce spouse abuse: Considerations for community action. Black Caucus: Journal of the National Association of Black Social Workers, 1(2), 1-8.
66.
Williams, O.
(1994). Group work with African American men who batter: Toward more ethnically-sensitive practice. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 25 (1), 91-103.
67.
Williams, O.
(1995). Treatment for African American men who batter. CURA Reporter: Bulletin of the Center for Urban and Regional Affairs, University of Minnesota, 25(3), 12-16.
68.
Williams, O.
(1998). Healing and confronting the African American male who batters. In R. Carillo & J. Tello (Eds.), Family violence and men of color: Healing the wounded male spirit (pp. 74-94). New York: Springer.
69.
Williams, O.
(1999). Working in groups with African American men who batter. In L. Davis (Ed.), Working with African American men: A guide to practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
70.
Williams, O.
, & Becker, L. (1994). Domestic partner abuse treatment programs and cultural competence: The results of a national study. Violence and Victims, 8(3), 287-296.
71.
Williams, O.
, & Donnelly, D. (1997). Batterer counseling curriculum for African American men: Facilitators manual. (Available from Institute on Domestic Violence in the African American Community, Minneapolis, MN)
72.
Williams, O.
, & Oliver, W. (in press). Using a “strength perspective” with African American men. In L. Lee-See (Ed.), Domestic violence and the African American family. New York: John Wiley.
73.
Wilson, S.
, Donnelly, D., Mederos, F., Nyquist, D., & Williams, O. (2000). Connecticut's Evolve program. (Available from the Court Support Services Division, Judicial Branch, State of Connecticut, Hartford, CT)
