The problem and the solution. The adult learning literature provides a number of concepts and theories of adult learning. No unifying theory of learning has emerged because of the complexity and diversity of the adult learning process. A recently developed holistic theory provides an integrative framework to examine some of the contemporary adult learning theories. Implications for human resource development theory, research, and practice are discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Argyris, C.,& Schön, D. A. (1978). Organizational learning: A theory of action perspective. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley .
2.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall .
3.
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency . American Psychologist, 37(2), 122-147 .
4.
Brookfield, S. (1995). Becoming a critically reflective teacher. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
5.
Brooks, A. K. (2004). Transformational learning theory and implications for human resource development . Advances in Developing Human Resources, 6(2).
6.
Brosnan, S. F., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2003). Monkeys reject unequal pay . Nature, 425, 297-299 .
7.
Cervero, R. M., & Wilson, A. L. (1994). Planning responsibly for adult education: A guide to negotiate power and interests. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
Cunningham, P. M. (2004). Critical pedagogy and implications for human resource development . Advances in Developing Human Resources, 6(2).
10.
Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Seabury .
11.
Freire, P. (1972). Cultural action for freedom. London: Penguin .
12.
Freire, P. (1973). Education for critical consciousness. New York: Seabury .
13.
Garrison, D. R. (1997). Self-directed learning: Toward a comprehensive model . Adult Education Quarterly, 48, 18-33 .
14.
Gibson, S. K. (2004). Social learning (cognitive) theory and implications for human resource development . Advances in Developing Human Resources, 6(2).
15.
Habermas, J. (1971). Knowledge and human interests. Boston: Beacon .
16.
Habermas, J. (1984). The theory of communicative action. Boston: Beacon .
17.
Henderson, G. M. (2002). Transformative learning as a condition for transformational change in organizations . Human Resource Development Review, 1(2), 186-214 .
18.
Knowles, M. S. (1968). Andragogy, not pedagogy . Adult Leadership, 16(10), 350-386 .
19.
Knowles, M. S. (1980). The modern practice of adult education: From pedagogy to andragogy(2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge Books .
20.
Knowles, M. S., Holton, E. F., III,& Swanson, R. A. (1998). The adult learner: The definitive classic in adult education and human resource development(5th ed.). Houston, TX: Gulf .
21.
Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall .
22.
Merriam, S. B. (Ed.). (2001). The new update on adult learning theory. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
23.
Merriam, S. B., & Caffarella, R. S. (1999). Learning in adulthood: A comprehensive guide(2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
