The problem and the solution. Whereas human resource development, for the most part, addresses organizational levels of learning and change, continuing professional education focuses on these processes largely through the lens of individual practitioner learning and development. Each of these perspectives provides a helpful but incomplete notion of work-related learning and change.To increase their effectiveness, these fields need to be grounded in a more holistic understanding of workrelated learning and change and how it can be facilitated.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Bierema, L. L. (2000). Human resource development for humans: Moving beyond performance paradigms on workplace development. In S. B. Merriam (Ed.), 2000 handbook of adult and continuing education (pp. 125-138). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
2.
Brinkerhoff, R.O., & Gill, S.J. (1994). The learning alliance. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
3.
Burke, W. W. (1992). Organizational development: A process of learning and changing. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley .
4.
Burke, W. W., & Schmidt, W. H. (1971). In primary target for change: The manager or the organization? In H. A. Hornstein, B. B. Bunker, W. W. Burke, M. Gindes, & R. J. Lewicki (Eds.), Social intervention: A behavioral science approach (pp. 373-385). New York: Free Press .
5.
Cervero, R. M. (1988). Effective continuing education for the professions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
6.
Conner, D. (1992). Managing at the speed of change. New York: Villard Books .
7.
Cranton, P. (1996). Professional development as transformative learning: New perspectives for teachers of adults. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
8.
Daley, B. (1999). Novice to expert: An exploration of how professionals learn . Adult Education Quarterly, 49(4), 133-147 .
9.
Daley, B. (2001). Learning and professional practice: A study of four professions . Adult Education Quarterly, 52(1), 39-54 .
10.
Dirkx, J. M. (1997). Nurturing soul in adult learning. In P. Cranton (Ed.), Transformative learning in action: Insights from practice. New directions for adult and continuing education, no. 74 (pp. 79-88). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
11.
Ehrlich, C. J. (1997). Human resource management: A changing script for a changing world. In D. Ulrich, M. R. Losey, & G. Lake (Eds.), Tomorrow’s HR management: Forty-eight thought leaders call for change (pp. 163-170). New York: John Wiley .
12.
English, L. M., Fenwick, T. J., & Parsons, J. (2003). Spirituality of adult education and training. Malabar, FL: Krieger .
13.
French, W. L., & Bell, C. H., Jr. (1999). Organizational development: Behavioral science interventions for organizational improvement (6th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall .
14.
Garfield, C., Spring, C., & Cahill, S. (1998). Wisdom circles: A guide to self-discovery and community building in small groups. New York: Hyperion .
15.
Gilley, J. W., Eggland, S. A., & Maycunich Gilley, A. (2002). Principles of human resource development (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Perseus .
16.
Gilley, J. W., & Maycunich, A. (2000). Organizational learning, performance, and change: An introduction to strategic HRD. Cambridge, MA: Perseus .
17.
Gilley, J. W., Quatro, S., Hoekstra, E., Whittle, D. D., & Maycunich, A. (2001). The manager as change agent: A practical guide for high performance individuals and organizations. Cambridge, MA: Perseus .
18.
Houle, C.O.(1980). Continuing learning in the professions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
19.
Hunt, E. S. (Ed.). (1992). Professional workers as learners. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement .
20.
Intrator, S. M. (2002). Stories of the courage to teach: Honoring the teachers’heart. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
21.
Kissler, G. D. (1991). The change riders: Managing the power of change. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books .
22.
Kotter, J. R. (1996). Leading change. Boston: Harvard Business School Press .
23.
Kovan, J. T., & Dirkx, J. M. (2003). Being called awake: The role of transformative learning in the lives of environmental activists . Adult Education Quarterly, 53(2), 99-118 .
24.
Labouvie-Vief, G. (1994). Psyche and eros: Mind and gender in the life course. New York: Cambridge University Press .
25.
Levy, A. (1986). Second-order planned change: Definition and conceptualization . Organizational Dynamics, 15(1), 5-20 .
26.
Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science. New York: Harper .
27.
Mink, O. G., Esterhuysen, P. W., Mink, B. P., & Owen, K. Q. (1993). Change at work: A comprehensive management process for transforming organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
28.
Mizrahi, I. (1986). Getting rid of patients: Contradictions in the socialization of physicians. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers .
29.
Nadler, D. A. (1998). Champion for change: How CEOs and their companies are mastering the skills of radical change. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
30.
Nowlen, P. M. (1988). A new approach to continuing education for business and the professions: The performance model. Old Tappan, NJ: Macmillan .
31.
Palmer, P. J. (1998). The courage to teach: Exploring the inner landscape of a teacher’s life. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
32.
Pauchant, T. C., & Associates. (1995). In search of meaning: Managing for the health of our organizations, our communities, and the natural world. San Francisco: Jossey Bass .
33.
Queeney, D. S. (2000). Continuing professional education. In A. L. Wilson & E. R. Hayes (Eds.), Handbook of adult and continuing education (new ed., pp. 375-391). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
34.
Quinn, R. E. (1996). Deep change: Discovering the leader within. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
35.
Rosenberg, M. J. (1996). Human performance technology: Foundation for human performance improvement. In W. Rothwell (Ed.), The ASTD models for human performance improvement. Roles, competencies, and outputs (pp. 5-10). Alexandria, VA: American Society for Training & Development .
36.
Rossett, A. (1999). First things fast: A handbook for performance analysis. San Francisco: Pfeiffer .
37.
Rummler, G. A., & Brache, A. P. (1995). Improving performance: How to manager the white spaces on the organizational chart. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
38.
Schön, D. A. (1983). The reflective practitioner. New York: Basic Books .
39.
Smith, K. K. (1982). Philosophical problems in thinking about organizational change. In P. S. Goodman & Associates (Eds.), Change in organizations (pp. 316-374). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
40.
Stern, M. R., & Queeney, D. S. (1992). The scope of continuing professional education: Providers, consumers, issues. In E. S. Hunt (Ed.), Professional workers as learners (pp. 13-34). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research & Improvement .
41.
Swanson, R. A., & Arnold, D. E. (1996). The purpose of human resource development is to improve organizational performance. In R. Rowden (Ed.), Workplace learning: Debating the five critical questions of theory and practice. New directions for adult and continuing development, no. 72 (pp. 74-92). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
42.
Torraco, R. J., & Swanson, R. A. (1995). The strategic roles of human resource development . Human Resource Planning, 18(4), 10-21 .
43.
Ulrich, D. (1998). A new mandate for human resources . Harvard Business Review, 76(1), 124-134 .
44.
Vaill, P. (1996). Learning as a way of being. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
45.
Valcarenghi, M. (1997). Relationships: Transforming archetypes. York Beach, ME: Nicolas-Hays .
46.
Watkins, K. E., & Marsick, V. J. (1993). Sculpting the learning organization: Lessons in the art and science of systematic change. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
47.
Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. New York: Cambridge University Press .
48.
West, L. (2001). Doctors on the edge: General practitioners, health and learning in the inner-city. London: Free Association Press .
49.
Wheatley, M. J. (1999). Leadership and the new science: Discovering order in a chaotic world. San Francisco: Brett-Koehler .
50.
Whyte, D. (2001). Crossing the unknown sea: Work as a pilgrimage of identity. New York: Riverhead Books .