The problem and the solution. The tendency for decision makers to treat all decision-making variables as external to the decision system-that is, as exogenous variables-overlooks important inputs to the system from sources internal to the decision, endogenous variables. This article distinguishes between these two types of decision-making variables and discusses the need for decision makers to consider both exogenous and endogenous variables in decision making.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Clancey, W. J. (1993). Situated action: A neuropsychological interpretation response to Vera and Simon. Cognitive Science, 17, 87-116.
2.
Forrester, J. W. (1961). Industrial dynamics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
3.
Forrester, J. W. (1964). Common foundations underlying engineering and management. IEEE Spectrum, 1(9), 66-77.
4.
Forrester, J. W. (1968). Industrial dynamics—after the first decade. Management Science, 14(7), 398-415.
5.
Greeno, J. G., & Moore, J. L. (1993). Situativity and symbols: Response to Vera and Simon. Cognitive Science, 17, 49-59.
6.
Greeno, J. G., Moore, J. L., & Smith, D. R. (1993). Transfer of situated learning. In D. K. Detterman & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), Transfer on trial: Intelligence, cognition and instruction (pp. 99-167). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
7.
Hutchins, E. (1995). How a cockpit remembers its speed. Cognitive Science, 19,265-288.
8.
Lave, J. (1986). Experiments, tests, jobs, and chores: How we learn what we do. In K. Borman & J. Reisman (Eds.), Becoming a worker (pp. 140-155). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
9.
Norman, D. A. (1993). Things that make us smart. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
10.
Schon, D. A. (1986). Educating the reflective practitioner. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
11.
Senge, P. M. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. New York: Doubleday-Currency.
12.
Senge, P. M., Kleiner, A., Roberts, C., Ross, R., & Smith, B. (1994). The fifth discipline fieldbook. New York: Doubleday-Currency.
13.
Simon, H. (1957). Administrative behavior: A study of decision-making processes in administrative organizations. New York: Macmillan.
14.
Sterman, J. D. (1989). Misperceptions of feedback in dynamic decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 43, 301-335.
15.
Sterman, J. D. (2000). Business dynamics: Systems thinking and modeling for a complex world. Boston: Irwin/McGraw-Hill.
