To Protect and Serve: The “Guard Dog” Function of Journalism in Coverage of the Japanese-American Internment

A Japanese-American, an Egyptian and a Chinese student present their views. (1941, December 21). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 6.

Alien crackdown: 69 new areas restricted in state; huge shift in west's population foreseen. (1942, February 1). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 1.

Alien hysteria mostly imaginary. (1942, February 6) [Editorial]. San Francisco Chronicle, p. 14.

Alien registry starts today. (1942, February 2). Los Angeles Times, p. 1.

Aliens! Here's how to re-register. (1942, January 31). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 4.

Aliens in California: U.S. to move thousands inland to undisclosed farm colonies. (1942, February 4). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 1.

Aliens must surrender their radios. (1941, December 28). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 1.

Aliens seek information on evacuation. (1942, February 11). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 10.

Aliens: Princess Stephanie, two German pals arrested; S.F. Jap cameraman seized. (1941, December 11). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 10.

Aliens: 17,182 registered in city; Japs from California interned in North Dakota. (1942, February 10). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 1.

Aliens: The government starts to clear 10,000 from California homes. (1942, February 7). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 1.

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Army may guard all areas banned to aliens. (1942, February 2). Los Angeles Times, p. 1.

Axis aliens: The deadline is tomorrow. (1942, February 8). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 8.

Axis aliens held with Japanese. (1942, December 10). New York Times, p. 30.

Axis citizens barred from vital coast areas Feb. 24; S.F. waterfront taboo. (1942, January 30). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 1.

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Bailey P. (1971). Cities in the sun. Los Angeles: Westernlore Press.

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Bay city Jap bank has mystery fire (1942, January 12). Los Angeles Times, p. 6.

Bay city warned raid peril real. (1941, December 10). Los Angeles Times, p. 1.

Biddle sets 9 p.m. curfew for axis nationals within 500-mile coastal zone. (1942, February 5). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 1.

Biddle warns against persecution. (1942, February 2). Los Angeles Times, p. 1.

Biddle warns precautions do not mean ‘persecution’ of enemy aliens. (1942, February 2). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 6.

Blazing arrow culprits sought. (1941, December 11). Los Angeles Times, p. 1.

Bombs found in Jap homes. (1942, February 17). Los Angeles Times, p. 7.

Bowron asks removal of all Japanese inland. (1942, February 6). Los Angeles Times, p. 1.

Brown S. (1941, December 19). Beware of these super-patriots. [Letter to the editor]. San Francisco Chronicle, p. 18.

Brush fires like arrows stir Seattle investigation. (1941, December 11). New York Times, p. 25.

Burning of papers watched by 1,000. (1941, December 8). New York Times, p. A5.

Carroll W. (1941, December 31). Japanese spies showed the way for raid on vital areas in Hawaii. New York Times, p. 3.

Chase in dark nets Japanese. (1941, December 12). Los Angeles Times, p. 8.

Congressmen demand all American-born Japs be moved from coastal areas. (1942, February 19). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 1.

County agency created to manage Jap farms. (1942, February 18). Los Angeles Times, p. 5.

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Curb on car ownership by Japanese modified. (1942, January 1). Los Angeles Times, p. 7.

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Davies L. (1941a, December 10). Carrier is hunted off San Francisco. New York Times, p. 20.

Davies L. (1941b, December 13). San Francisco put in darkness again. New York Times, p. 13.

Davies L. (1942a, February 7). Coast oil plot laid to Japanese. New York Times, p. 21.

Davies L. (1942b, February 15). Enemy aliens baffle west coast authority. New York Times, p. 5.

Davies L. (1942c, February 21). Coast Japanese split on ouster. New York Times, p. 6.

Davies L. (1942d, March 10). ‘Loyalty boards’ weighed on coast. New York Times, p. 11.

Demand for state martial law sent to Gen. DeWitt by impatient congressmen. (1942, February 18). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 1.

Dies may ask of evacuation of all Japanese. (1942, February 9). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 6.

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Dual citizens may get plea to leave. (1942, February 6). Los Angeles Times, p. 7.

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Effect of possible Jap farm strike minimized. (1942, February 3). Los Angeles Times, p. 7.

Enemy aliens who are friends. (1942, February 5) [Editorial]. San Francisco Chronicle, p. 12.

Enemy aliens! The deadline is February 9. (1942, February 7). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 4.

Enemy aliens: The state extends restricted areas. (1942, February 3). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 1.

Enemy planes sighted over California Coast. (1941, December 9). Los Angeles Times, p. 1.

Evacuation zone set on west coast. (1942, March 4). New York Times, p. 1, 10.

Evicted Japs to be put in farm camps. (1942, February 4). Los Angeles Times, p. 1.

Eviction of Jap aliens sought. (1942, January 28). Los Angeles Times, p. 1.

F.B.I. rounding up Germans in nation. (1941, December 9). New York Times, p. 6.

F.B.I. stages statewide Jap roundup. (1942, February 17). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 1.

F.D.R. will ask Congress action today. (1941, December 8). Los Angeles Times, pp. 1, 5.

Federal agents round up 736 suspicious Japanese (1941, December 9). Los Angeles Times, p. 5.

Additional California zones barred to enemy aliens. (1942, February 3). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 5.

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Flares a puzzle in San Francisco. (1941, December 11). New York Times, p. 20.

Flares sighted off coast. (1941, December 10). Los Angeles Times, p. 1.

Francis W. (1942a, February 6). Japanese here sent vital data to Tokyo. Los Angeles Times, p. 6.

Francis W. (1942b, February 19). Spy technique to be revealed. Los Angeles Times, p. 1.

Full aid pledged by foreign-born. (1941, December 9). New York Times, p. 39.

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Hailey F. (1941a, December 10). Los Angeles area extends blackout. New York Times, p. 21.

Hailey F. (1941b, December 11). Los Angeles dark 3 hours in alarm. New York Times, p. 20.

Hailey F. (1941c, December 13). Los Angeles sets blackout rules. New York Times, p. 13.

Hallgarten W. (1942, February 4). Enemy aliens and fifth columnists [Letter to the editor]. San Francisco Chronicle, p. 14.

Hamilton T. (1941, December 8). Japanese seizure ordered by Biddle. New York Times, p. A6.

Hawaii holds 273 as fifth columnists. (1941, December 23). New York Times, p. 4.

Herman E. Chomsky N. (1988). Manufacturing consent. New York: Pantheon.

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Hoodlums and hysteria must be suppressed. (1941, December 13) [Editorial]. San Francisco Chronicle, p.18.

Hosokawa B. (1969). Nisei: The quiet Americans. New York: Morrow.

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Hosokawa B. (1986, January 8). Personal interview.

Hull recalls Jap peril warnings. (1942, January 22). Los Angeles Times, p. 2.

Ikeda N. (1941, December 12). A Japanese expression [Letter to the editor]. San Francisco Chronicle, p. 18.

Internment of enemy aliens in western states demanded. (1942, January 23). Los Angeles Times, p. 6.

Irons P. (1983). Justice at war. New York: Oxford.

Jap educator seized by F.B.I. (1942, January 18). Los Angeles Times, p. 2.

Jap fishing threat seen below border. (1942, January 22). Los Angeles Times, p. B2.

Jap ‘haw haw’ born in U.S. (1942, January 11). Los Angeles Times, p. 8.

Japan consul ‘quite sorry.’ (1941, December 8). Los Angeles Times, p. 6.

Japan sought gasoline data. (1942, February 7). Los Angeles Times, p. 6.

Japan troops reported in Phillipines. (1941, December 9). Los Angeles Times, p. 1.

Japanese-Americans pledge loyalty to United States. (1941, December 8). Los Angeles Times, p. 6.

Japanese-Americans ready to aid nation. (1941, December 9). Los Angeles Times, p. 19.

Japanese aliens roundup starts. (1941, December 8). Los Angeles Times, pp. 1, 5.

Japanese arrests in country at 345. (1941, December 9). New York Times, p. 6.

Japanese banks to be taken over. (1942, January 11). Los Angeles Times, p. 3.

Japanese city aides on leaves. (1942, January 28). Los Angeles Times, p. 7.

Japanese consul calm and cheerful (1941, December 9). Los Angeles Times, p. 9.

Japanese denied legal standing. (1942, January 15). Los Angeles Times, p. 3.

Japanese denied use of courts (1942, January 15). Los Angeles Times, p. 7.

Japanese firms put on blacklist. (1941, December 10). New York Times, p. 51.

Japanese goods are tied up here. (1941, December 13). New York Times, p. 28.

Japanese in the U.S.: S.F. joins the nation in rounding up suspicious characters and some business men; NYK office is seized. (1941, December 8). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 1.

Japanese nationals to be arrested. (1941, December 8). Los Angeles Times, p. 5.

Japanese nisei club backs F.D.R. (1941, December 10). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 7.

Japanese offer a proof of loyalty. (1941, December 22) [Editorial]. San Francisco Chronicle, p. 12.

Japanese seek to reopen language schools. (1942, January 23). Los Angeles Times, p. 1.

Japanese students pledge their loyalty. (1941, December 12). Los Angeles Times, p. 8.

Japs arrested near airfield. (1942, February 18). Los Angeles Times, p. 5.

Japs declare invasion of U.S. ‘simple’. (1942, January 9). Los Angeles Times, p. 1.

Jury asks for ouster from coast combat zone. (1942, February 6). Los Angeles Times, p. 7.

Kelley T. (1941, December 10). Mere civilized decency. [Letter to the editor]. San Francisco Chronicle, p. 18.

Knox reports one battleship sunk at Hawaii; 5 other craft lost, but main fleet is at sea; President lays perfidy to Japan's Emperor. (1941, December 16). New York Times, p. 1.

LaGuardia: ‘no monkey business!’ (1941, December 12). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 8.

Leave it to Washington. (1942, February 1) [Editorial]. San Francisco Chronicle, p. 1.

Let's not get rattled. (1941, December 10). [Editorial], Los Angeles Times, p. 1.

Lincoln would intern Japs. (1942, February 13). Los Angeles Times, p. 6.

Little Tokyo banks and concerns shut (1941, December 9). Los Angeles Times, p. D4.

Little Tokyo carries on business as usual. (1941, December 8). Los Angeles Times, p. 6.

Little Tokyo lid clamped. (1941, December 13). Los Angeles Times, p. D1.

Martial law moves closer to California. (1942, February 12). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 1.

McKnight J. (1942, January 17). Drive on for total break with Axis. San Francisco Chronicle, p. 1.

McLean J.W. Mrs. (1942, February 19). Problem of enemy aliens [Letter to the editor], San Francisco Chronicle, p. 12.

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Moving of all Japanese asked. (1942, February 6). Los Angeles Times, p. 7.

Nakagawa F. (1941, December 10). Eden township Japanese [Letter to the editor]. San Francisco Chronicle, p. 18.

Navy may buy Terminal Island. (1942, January 28). Los Angeles Times, p. 1.

New Jap bans expected today. (1942, January 31). Los Angeles Times, p. 1.

Nisei students vow allegiance to America. (1941, December 10). Los Angeles Times, p. 5.

Olson: ‘Jap aliens have been active.’ (1942, February 5). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 4.

Olson: ‘Japanese must aid the U.S. 100 percent.’ (1942, February 7). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 4.

Olson restriction of Japanese fails (1941, December 9). Los Angeles Times, p. 9.

Olson tells Japanese here they must help or get out. (1942, February 7). Los Angeles Times, p. 6.

Ouster of foe on coast sought. (1942, February 3). Los Angeles Times, p. 6.

Palmer K. (1942a, January 31). Speedy moving of Japs urged. Los Angeles Times, p. 1.

Palmer K. (1942b, February 7). President to be asked to state alien policy. Los Angeles Times, p. 6.

Palmer K. (1942c, February 13). Danger in delaying Jap removal cited. Los Angeles Times, p. 6.

Palmer K. (1942d, February 14). Rapid evacuation of Japanese urged. Los Angeles Times, pp. 1, 5.

Palmer K. (1942e, February 19). U.S. acts to end Jap peril here. Los Angeles Times, pp. 1, 7.

Pearson D. Allen R.S. (1942a, February 2). The Washington merry-go-round. San Francisco Chronicle, p. 4.

Pearson D. Allen R.S. (1942b, February 7). Merry-go-round: Dies report due on towering Japanese fifth column. San Francisco Chronicle, p. 4.

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Question of loyalty is personal. (1942, January 20) [Editorial]. San Francisco Chronicle, p. 12.

R-day for S.F.'s axis aliens. (1942, February 2). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 6.

Raid alarm flashed here. (1941, December 12). Los Angeles Times, p. 1.

Realism must govern alien enemy issue. (1942, February 9) [Editorial]. San Francisco Chronicle, p. 10.

Registration of aliens begins. (1942, February 3). Los Angeles Times, p. 7.

Representative Ford wants all coast Japs in camps. (1942, January 22). Los Angeles Times, p. A.

Rigid rules hit S.F. aliens. (1942, January 31). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 1.

Roundup of Japanese aliens in Southland now totals 500 (1941, December 9). Los Angeles Times, p. D4.

Rowell C. (1942a, February 2). Enemy alien question is test for all of us. San Francisco Chronicle, p. 10.

Rowell C. (1942b, February 19). Reason needed in this Japanese alien matter. San Francisco Chronicle, p. 12.

S.F. aliens: Forbidden zones virtually cleared; police and F.B.I. will seek out stragglers. (1942, February 16). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 1.

S.F. may ask U.S. to move Japs inland. (1942, February 2). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 6.

Schools act to restore calm among students (1941, December 9), Los Angeles Times, p. 19.

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Secrecy cloaks alien roundup. (1941, December 13). Los Angeles Times, p. D1.

Seizure of aliens about completed. (1941, December 12). New York Times, p. 21.

Silverman M. (1941, December 8). ‘We are loyal Americans — we must prove it to all of you.’ San Francisco Chronicle, p. 1.

Forbidden zones will be closed at midnight. (1942, February 15). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 1.

Speedy moving of Japs urged. (1942, January 31). Los Angeles Times, p. 1.

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Sweetland R. (1941a, December 19). Japan fanaticism began in 559 B.C. Los Angeles Times, p. 12.

Sweetland R. (1941b, December 23). Japan pictured as nation of spies. Los Angeles Times, p. 3.

Sweetland R. (1941c, December 26). Japanese trained for Asia conquest. Los Angeles Times, p. 2.

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Terminal Island aliens evicted. (1942, February 3). Los Angeles Times, p. 1, 6.

Terminal Island isolated as defense precaution. (1941, December 8). Los Angeles Times, p. 5.

Terminal Island Japs cause worry for navy. (1942, January 27). Los Angeles Times, p. 7.

Text of Roosevelt's alien order. (1942, February 21). New York Times, p. 6.

The alien roundup: 200 S.F. policemen begin looking for Germans and Italians. San Francisco Chronicle, p. 8.

The aliens: Nearly 5,000 radios, cameras surrendered in S.F. (1941, December 30). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 8.

The drive on aliens. (1942, February 8). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 1.

The F.B.I. rounds up aliens. (1942, February 6). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 1.

35,000 not registering face drastic U.S. action. (1942, February 13). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 13.

This is a tough time for American Japanese. [Editorial]. San Francisco Chronicle, p. 20.

Thompson D. (1941, December 23). Foreign agents in our midst. San Francisco Chronicle, p. 16.

3-man board will decide aliens' fate. (1941, December 16). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 11.

Travel ban on the Japanese lifted slightly. (1941, December 15). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 12.

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Japs arrested, much contraband seized in F.B.I. raid on Monterey area. (1942, February 11). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 1.

Two Japanese army reserve officers seized by FBI in S.F. raid. (1942, February 14). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 1.

2,541 axis aliens now in custody. (1941, December 13). New York Times, p. 8.

2,303 aliens seized since last Sunday. (1941, December 11). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 10.

2,276 alien Japanese listed in S.F. (1941, December 17). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 15.

U.S. Admiral slain in the Hawaii raid. (1941, December 11). San Francisco Chronicle, p. 1.

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Ventura county urges removal of all Japanese. (1942, February 4). Los Angeles Times, p. 22.

Water plot confirmed by Van Norman. (1942, February 6). Los Angeles Times, p. 1.

We wish to remain civilized. (1941, December 20) [Editorial]. San FranciscoChronicle, p. 14.

West coast acts for war defense. (1942, December 8). New York Times, p. A5.

West coast eyes south for enemy. (1941, December 22). New York Times, p. 3.

West coast order shifts Japanese. (1942, March 1). New York Times, p. 20.

Urges removal of all Japanese. (1942, February 4). Los Angeles Times, p. 22.