Politicians’ individual traits can influence policy outcomes. A local mayor has authority over the budget process and can affect the municipal budget allocation. This study empirically examined whether the mayor’s gender affected the gendered budget in Korean cities between 2016 and 2020. Across various econometric designs, our results revealed little evidence that mayoral gender (women, in this case) affects the formulation and execution of the gendered budget. The results imply that the effects of female representation through a female leader are dependent on various socioeconomic contexts.
BaguesMCampaP (2021) Can Gender Quotas in Candidate Lists Empower Women? Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design. Journal of Public Economics194: 104315.
2.
BaskaranTHessamiZ (2018) Does the Election of a Female Leader Clear the Way for More Women in Politics?American Economic Journal: Economic Policy10 (3): 95–121.
3.
BeamanLChattopadhyayRDufloE, et al. (2009) Powerful Women: Does Exposure Reduce Bias?The Quarterly Journal of Economics124 (4): 1497–1540.
4.
BednarSGichevaD (2014) Are Female Supervisors More Female-Friendly?The American Economic Review104 (5): 370–375.
5.
BesleyTMontalvoJGReynal-QuerolM (2011) Do Educated Leaders Matter?The Economic Journal121 (554): F205–227.
6.
BinderSA (1999) The Dynamics of Legislative Gridlock, 1947–96. American Political Science Review93 (3): 519–533.
7.
BolzendahlC (2011) Beyond the Big Picture: Gender Influences on Disaggregated and Domain-Specific Measures of Social Spending, 1980–1999. Politics & Gender7 (1): 35–70.
8.
BrattonKARayLP (2002) Descriptive Representation, Policy Outcomes, and Municipal Day-Care Coverage in Norway. American Journal of Political Science46 (2): 428–437.
9.
BrolloFTroianoU (2016) What Happens When a Woman Wins an Election? Evidence from Close Races in Brazil. Journal of Development Economics122: 28–45.
CasaricoALattanzioSProfetaP (2020) Women and Local Public Finance. Working paper.
12.
ChattopadhyayRDufloE (2004) Women as Policy Makers: Evidence from a Randomized Policy Experiment in India. Econometrica72 (5): 1409–1443.
13.
Clots-FiguerasI (2011) Women in Politics: Evidence from the Indian States. Journal of Public Economics95 (7-8): 664–690.
14.
DerksBVan LaarCEllemersN (2016) The Queen Bee Phenomenon: Why Women Leaders Distance Themselves from Junior Women. The Leadership Quarterly27 (3): 456–469.
15.
DoepkeMTertiltMVoenaA (2012) The Economics and Politics of Women’s Rights. Annual Review of Economics4 (1): 339–372.
16.
DownesRVon TrappLNicolS (2017) Gender Budgeting in OECD Countries. OECD Journal on Budgeting16 (3): 71–107.
17.
DownsA (1957) An Economic Theory of Political Action in a Democracy. Journal of Political Economy65 (2): 135–150.
18.
DufloE (2012) Women Empowerment and Economic Development. Journal of Economic Literature50 (4): 1051–1079.
19.
EllemersN (2018) Gender Stereotypes. Annual Review of Psychology69: 275–298.
20.
Ennser-JedenastikL (2017) How Women’s Political Representation Affects Spending on Family Benefits. Journal of Social Policy46 (3): 563–581.
21.
Escobar-LemmonMTaylor-RobinsonMM (2009) Getting to the Top: Career Paths of Women in Latin American Cabinets. Political Research Quarterly62 (4: 685–699.
22.
FerreiraFGyourkoJ (2014) Does Gender Matter for Political Leadership? The Case of US Mayors. Journal of Public Economics112: 24–39.
23.
FlabbiLMacisMMoroA, et al. (2019) Do Female Executives Make a Difference? The Impact of Female Leadership on Gender Gaps and Firm Performance. The Economic Journal129: 2390–2423.
24.
FleisherRBondJR (2004) The Shrinking Middle in the US Congress. British Journal of Political Science34 (3): 429–451.
25.
FunkKDPhilipsAQ (2019) Representative Budgeting: Women Mayors and the Composition of Spending in Local Governments. Political Research Quarterly72 (1): 19–33.
26.
FunkPGathmannC (2015) Gender Gaps in Policy Making: Evidence from Direct Democracy in Switzerland. Economic Policy30 (81): 141–181.
27.
GagliarducciSPasermanMD (2012) Gender Interactions within Hierarchies: Evidence from the Political Arena. The Review of Economic Studies79 (3): 1021–1052.
28.
HalberstamJ (2019) Female Masculinity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
29.
HessamiZLopesdaFonsecaM (2020) Female Political Representation and Substantive Effects on Policies: A Literature Review. European Journal of Political Economy63: 101896.
30.
HöhmannD (2020) When Do Female MPs Represent Women’s Interests? Electoral Systems and the Legislative Behavior of Women. Political Research Quarterly73 (4): 834–847.
31.
HolmanMR (2014) Sex and the City: Female Leaders and Spending on Social Welfare Programs in US Municipalities. Journal of Urban Affairs36 (4): 701–715.
32.
JochimsenBThomasiusS (2014) The Perfect Finance Minister: Whom to Appoint as Finance Minister to Balance the Budget. European Journal of Political Economy34: 390–408.
33.
JonesBFOlkenBA (2005) Do Leaders Matter? National Leadership and Growth since World War II. The Quarterly Journal of Economics120 (3): 835–864.
34.
JungH (2021) A Different Choice, a Different Outcome: Budgetary Effects of a Conservative Legislator in Liberal Local Regions of South Korea. Japanese Journal of Political Science2021.
35.
KimH-ALeeDParkS (2020) Budget Committee and Intergovernmental Transfer: Evidence from South Korea. Economic Inquiry58 (4): 1894–1906.
36.
KittilsonMC (2008) Representing Women: The Adoption of Family Leave in Comparative Perspective. The Journal of Politics70 (2): 323–334.
37.
KochMTFultonSA (2011) In the Defense of Women: Gender, Office Holding, and National Security Policy in Established Democracies. The Journal of Politics73 (1): 1–16.
38.
KrookMLO’BrienDZ (2012) All the President’s Men? The Appointment of Female Cabinet Ministers Worldwide. The Journal of Politics74 (3: 840–855.
39.
KunzeAMillerAR (2017) Women Helping Women? Evidence from Private Sector Data on Workplace Hierarchies. The Review of Economics and Statistics99 (5): 769–775.
40.
LeeDSLemieuxT (2010) Regression Discontinuity Designs in Economics. Journal of Economic Literature48 (2): 281–355.
41.
LevittSDSnyderJMJr (1997) The Impact of Federal Spending on House Election Outcomes. Journal of Political Economy105 (1): 30–53.
42.
McCraryJ (2008) Manipulation of the Running Variable in the Regression Discontinuity Design: A Density Test. Journal of Econometrics142 (2): 698–714.
RigonMTanziG (2012) Does Gender Matter for Public Spending?Empirical Evidence from Italian Municipalities. Working paper no. 862, 27 April. Rome: Bank of Italy.
SmithAR (2014) Cities Where Women Rule: Female Political Incorporation and the Allocation of Community Development Block Grant Funding. Politics & Gender10 (3): 313.
