Marine steel structures suffer severe corrosion during its long-term service. The traditional manual/remote operated vehicle detection methods have bottlenecks such as high cost, low accuracy and poorly real-time performance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop long-term and precise corrosion monitoring technologies. This work presents a portable underwater corrosion potential detector. It integrates Ag/AgCl and high-purity zinc dual electrodes with an STM32 controller and OLED display for local acquisition, real-time display and microSD storage. The acrylic housing, sealed by flanges and silicone, withstands pressure and water ingress. Tests show that underwater corrosion potential detector is stable and accurate in seawater, reliably tracking the corrosion-potential evolution of Q235 carbon steel and 304SS across temperatures. The device offers an efficient, economical and sustainable solution for offshore corrosion monitoring with broad engineering prospects.
LiHLiuYLiangB, et al.Demands and challenges for construction of marine infrastructures in China. Front Struct Civil Eng2022; 16: 551–563.
2.
de la FuenteDDíazISimancasJ, et al.Long-term atmospheric corrosion of mild steel. Corros Sci2011; 53: 604–617.
3.
LiXZhuHChenG, et al.Optimal maintenance strategy for corroded subsea pipelines. J Loss Prev Process Ind2017; 49: 145–154.
4.
DeyuL. A new ship's underwater electric field measure method. In: 2010 2nd International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, 2010, pp.365–368: IEEE.
5.
LalehMHuoYKannanMB, et al.Probing and monitoring multiple forms of localised corrosion occurring concurrently on pipeline steels in marine environments. Corros Sci2024; 240: 112453.
6.
HouBLuD. Corrosion cost and preventive strategies in China. Bull Chin Acad Sci2018; 33: 601–609.
7.
LiWLiuZWangJ, et al.EMI Instrumented conical corrosion measuring probe for pipeline corrosion monitoring: experiments with FEM validation. Sens Actuators, A2023; 362: 114678.
8.
KharadePPadhiPPVivekM, et al.Automatic load shedding time management using Arduino. In: 2021 Sixth International Conference on Image Information Processing (ICIIP), 2021, pp.47–51: IEEE.
9.
LatifJKhanZAStokesK. Structural monitoring system for proactive detection of corrosion and coating failure. Sens Actuators, A2020; 301: 111693.
10.
HeYLMcLaughlinSLoJSH, et al.Radio frequency identification (RFID) based corrosion monitoring sensors part 2—application and testing of coating materials. Corros Eng, Sci Technol2014; 49: 695–704.
11.
MomberAWWilmsMBrünD. The use of meteorological and oceanographic sensor data in the German offshore territory for the corrosion monitoring of marine structures. Ocean Eng2022; 257: 110994.
12.
TanMY. A critical overview of monitoring infrastructural health using corrosion probes. Corros Eng Sci Technol. 2020; 55: 103–117.
13.
ChristCGlassGWebbJ, et al.Assessing the long term benefits of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection. Corros Sci2010; 52: 2671–2679.
14.
LiSZhangLWangY, et al.Effect of cathodic protection current density on corrosion rate of high-strength steel wires for stay cable in simulated dynamic marine atmospheric rainwater. Structures2021; 29: 1655–1670.
15.
İzSKöylüoğluÖS. Investigation of the economic and sustainability aspects of cathodic protection method for corrosion prevention in marine structures. J Adhes Sci Technol2023; 37: 2861–2870.
16.
RefaitPGrolleauA-MJeanninM, et al.Cathodic protection of complex carbon steel structures in seawater. Corros Mater Degrad2022; 3: 439–453.
17.
AbuADiamantRJISJ. A statistically-based method for the detection of underwater objects in sonar imagery. IEEE Sensors J2019; 19: 6858–6871.
18.
Fernández-VegaLMeléndez-RodríguezDEOspina-AlejandroM, et al.Development of a neuropeptide Y-sensitive implantable microelectrode for continuous measurements. ACS Sensors2024; 9: 2645–2652.
19.
ZouDLuoWChenQ, et al.Corrosion evolution and quantitative corrosion monitoring of Q355 steel for offshore wind turbines in multiple marine corrosion zones. Ocean Eng2024; 311: 119044.
20.
MaCWangZBehnamianY, et al.Measuring atmospheric corrosion with electrochemical noise: A review of contemporary methods. Measurement (Mahwah N J)2019; 138: 54–79.
21.
EncisoJARSalinasAR. Sistema que supervisa la corrosión en tiempo real por análisis del ruido electroquímico. Sci Tech2007; 4: 937–940.
22.
Arellano-PérezJHRamos NegrónOJEscobar-JiménezRF, et al.Development of a portable device for measuring the corrosion rates of metals based on electrochemical noise signals. Measurement2018; 122: 73–81.
23.
OuyangWWeiY. An anchor-free detector with channel-based prior and bottom-enhancement for underwater object detection. IEEE Sensors J2023; 23: 24800–24811.
24.
YuHZhouGYLiuYB, et al.Deep learning-assisted superhydrophobic LIG/MWCNT wearable sensor for underwater motion detection. IEEE Sensors J2024; 24: 29392–29399.
25.
ScrosatiBGarcheJ. Lithium batteries: status, prospects and future. J Power Sources2010; 195: 2419–2430.
26.
FengYZhouLMaH, et al.Challenges and advances in wide-temperature rechargeable lithium batteries. Energy Environ Sci2022; 15: 1711–1759.
27.
ChengXBLiuHYuanH, et al.A perspective on sustainable energy materials for lithium batteries. SusMat2021; 1: 38–50.
28.
WangSLiFLuanZ, et al.Novel SERS probe based on Ag nanobean/Cu foam for deep-sea extreme environment biomolecule detection. ACS Sensors2024; 9: 2402–2412.
29.
SajjadMYusoffMZAhmadJ. Design of a low-cost high-speed and large-capacity data logger using microSD card. In: International conference on artificial intelligence for smart community: AISC 2020, 17–18 December, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia, 2022. Springer, 651–657.
30.
HamoudaHThucPLStarajR, et al.Miniature antennas embedded in electronic devices with micro-SD card form factor for telemedicine applications. Electron Lett2014; 50: 429–431.
31.
Talebian GevariMSahuSSStridfeldtF, et al.Design and optimization of a silicon-based electrokinetic microchip for sensitive detection of small extracellular vesicles. ACS Sensors2024; 9: 2935–2945.
32.
RathRJZhangWBKaveheiO, et al.Developing a chemiresistive gas sensor array for simultaneous detection of ammonia and carbon dioxide gases. ACS Sensors2024; 9: 2836–2845.
33.
KatoKKobayashiHShishidoH, et al.5,291-ppi OLED display enabled by monolithic integration of C-axis-aligned crystalline IGZO FET and si CMOS. J Soc Inf Disp2022; 30: 690–698.
34.
ChenHTanGWuS-T. Ambient contrast ratio of LCDs and OLED displays. Opt Express2017; 25: 33643–33656.
35.
KhanMA. Image processing based real time motion detection system using GSM and embedded system. In: 2020 IEEE 23rd International Multitopic Conference (INMIC), 2020, pp.1–6: IEEE.
36.
RaviSRaghunathanAKocherP, et al.Security in embedded systems. ACM Trans Embedded Comput Syst2004; 3: 461–491.
37.
LiuTWangWDingH, et al.Smartphone-based hand-held optical fiber fluorescence sensor for on-site pH detection. IEEE Sensors J2019; 19: 9441–9446.
38.
TianXLiJLiD. Design of automatic watering system based on STC89C52 MCU. J Comput Methods Sci Eng2018; 18: 949–961.
39.
ChenCFuYSparksSS, et al.3D-printed flexible microfluidic health monitor for in situ sweat analysis and biomarker detection. ACS Sensors2024; 9: 3212–3223.
40.
JandyalAChaturvediIWazirI, et al.3D printing—a review of processes, materials and applications in industry 4.0. Sustainable Oper Comput2022; 3: 33–42.
41.
QuanHZhangTXuH, et al.Photo-curing 3D printing technique and its challenges. Bioact Mater2020; 5: 110–115.
42.
StachiwJ. Acrylic plastic as structural material for underwater vehicles. In: Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on Underwater Technology (IEEE Cat. No. 04EX869), 2004, pp.289–296: IEEE.
43.
RajputNSPraneshSSathianarayananD, et al.Acrylic spherical pressure hull for Manned Submersible. Mater Today Proc2021; 46: 9412–9418.
44.
ShahrubudinNLeeTCRamlanR. An overview on 3D printing technology: technological, materials, and applications. Procedia Manuf2019; 35: 1286–1296.
45.
Rino NelsonNSiva PrasadNSekharA. Stress distribution and performance of threaded bolts in gasketed flange joints. Materialwiss Werkstofftech2021; 52: 982–990.
46.
SawaTTakagiYToriiH. Sealing performance evaluation of pipe flange connection under elevated temperatures. In: ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, 2007, 191–199.
47.
KalinchevVA. Methods for sealing shell structures made of polymer composites. Polym Sci Ser C2007; 49: 115–120.
48.
DengH-ZLiCSongX-Q, et al.Tensile resistance and design model of an external double-layered flange connection. J Constr Steel Res2019; 161: 309–327.
49.
QiaoGXiaoHHongY, et al.Preparation and characterization of the solid-state Ag/AgCl reference electrode for RC structures. Sens Rev2012; 32: 118–122.
50.
SophocleousMAtkinsonJK. A review of screen-printed silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrodes potentially suitable for environmental potentiometric sensors. Sens Actuators A Phys2017; 267: 106–120.
51.
BrennaALazzariLPedeferriM, et al.Monitoring cathodic protection of buried pipeline by means of a potential probe with an embedded zinc reference electrode. Mater Des2017; 114: 194–201.
52.
YuanCLiangCAnX. Electrochemical performance of high purity zinc and Zn–Al–Cd alloy as reference electrodes. Wuhan Univ J Nat Sci2010; 15: 64–70.
53.
RémouitFRuiz-MinguelaPEngströmJ. Review of electrical connectors for underwater applications. IEEE J Oceanic Eng2017; 43: 1037–1047.
54.
LiuTLiuLYuM, et al.Integrative hinge based on shape memory polymer composites: material, design, properties and application. Compos Struct2018; 206: 164–176.
55.
Zuo-JiangSTianZJiangX, et al.Investigation on galvanic corrosion behavior of Q235 in deep-sea water/sediments of the South China Sea via manned deep diving. J Mater Res Technol2023; 26: 8822–8835.
56.
AlhozaimyAHussainRRAl-ZaidR, et al.Investigation of severe corrosion observed at intersection points of steel rebar mesh in reinforced concrete construction. Constr Building Mater2012; 37: 67–81.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
